@"utf-8" /* A topic map of internationalization information. $Id: i18n.ltm,v 1.106 2007/07/28 16:03:32 lars.garshol Exp $ */ /* Information sources from which more info should be dug: - WWS - Nakanishi - http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/ - omniglot - asw - http://www.deniart.com/ancientwritingsone.shtml - http://www.spelwerx.com/alphabets.html - http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html - http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/ */ #TOPICMAP topicmap #INCLUDE "dc.ltmm" /* ===== REIFICATION ===== */ [version = "Version" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#version"] [topicmap-topic = "Scripts and languages" @"#topicmap"] {topicmap-topic, description, [[This is a topic map with information about languages and the scripts used to write them. It has been authored by hand by Lars Marius Garshol.]]} {topicmap-topic, version, [[$Revision: 1.106 $]]} {topicmap-topic, Date, [[$Date: 2007/07/28 16:03:32 $]]} {topicmap-topic, copyright, [[This topic map is copyright (C) Ontopia. You may freely use this information for non-commercial purposes, but you may not redistribute it, nor use it for commercial demonstrations without the express written permission of Ontopia.]]} /* DC properties modelled as associations: */ Creator(topicmap-topic : resource, larsga : value) Subject(topicmap-topic : resource, script : value) Subject(topicmap-topic : resource, language : value) Publisher(topicmap-topic : resource, ontopia : value) Type(topicmap-topic : resource, topicmap-type : value) Format(topicmap-topic : resource, LTM-format : value) /* Topics used as values of real metadata for this topic map */ [ontopia : company = "Ontopia" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/ontopia/#ontopia"] [larsga : person = "Lars Marius Garshol" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/ontopia/#larsga"] /* ===== GENERAL PSIS ===== */ [subclass-of : hierarchical-relation-type = "Subclass of" = "Superclass of" / superclass @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#superclass-subclass"] [superclass : superordinate-role-type = "Superclass" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#superclass"] [subclass : subordinate-role-type = "Subclass" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#subclass"] [sort = "Sort name" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#sort"] [copyright = "Copyright" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/xtm/occurrence-type/copyright" @"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/rights"] /* ===== ONTOLOGY ===== */ /* --- Topic types --- */ [script = "Script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#script"] {script, site-about ,"http://www.ancientscripts.com/"} {script, site-about ,"http://www.omniglot.com/writing/"} {script, article-about, "http://www.krysstal.com/writing.html"} {script, article-about, "http://gurpsnet.sjgames.com/Archive/AdsDisSkills/Languages/languages.writing"} {script, article-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso15924/document/n02.html"} {script, bibliography, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso15924/document/scriptbib.html"} {script, forum, "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/qalam"} {script, journal, "http://www.benjamins.com/jbp/journals/Wll_info.html"} {script, definition, [[The general term for a writing system consisting of a signary and the rules for assembling signs from the signary into text.]]} [alphabet = "Alphabet" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#alphabet"] subclass-of(alphabet : subclass, script : superclass) {alphabet, definition, [[A type of writing system that denotes consonants and vowels with separate characters.]]} /* {alphabet, description, "alphabet/index.html"} */ [abjad = "Abjad" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#abjad"] subclass-of(abjad : subclass, script : superclass) {abjad, definition, [[A type of writing system where only consonants are generally written. Some abjads have signs for vowels, but use them only in special cases, such as loanwords or special kinds of texts.]]} /* {abjad, description, "abjad/index.html"} */ [abugida = "Abugida" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#abugida"] subclass-of(abugida : subclass, script : superclass) {abugida, definition, [[A type of writing system in which each character represents a consonant followed by a specific vowel, and the other vowels are represented by a consistent modification of the consonant symbols.]]} [logosyllabary = "Logosyllabary" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#logosyllabary"] subclass-of(logosyllabary : subclass, script : superclass) {logosyllabary, definition, [[A type of writing system whose characters denote morphemes, and a subset of whose characters can be used for their phonetic syllabic values without regard to their semantic values.]]} [syllabary = "Syllabary" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#syllabary"] subclass-of(syllabary : subclass, script : superclass) {syllabary, definition, [[A type of writing system whose characters denote syllables, with no deliberate graphic similarity between characters denoting phonetically similar syllables.]]} {syllabary, site-about, "http://sourceforge.net/projects/syllabary/"} [featural = "Featural" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#featural"] subclass-of(featural : subclass, script : superclass) {featural, definition, [[A type of writing system where the shape of each character has a systematic relation to the phonetic features of its sound value.]]} [language = "Language" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#language"] [region = "Geographic region"] [country = "Country" @"http://psi.oasis-open.org/iso/3166/#country"] [province = "Province" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/geography/#province"] subclass-of(region : superclass, country : subclass) subclass-of(region : superclass, province : subclass) [standard = "Standard" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/xmltools/#Standard"] [charset = "Character set" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#charset"] [charenc = "Character encoding" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#charenc"] subclass-of(standard : superclass, charset : subclass) subclass-of(standard : superclass, charenc : subclass) [std-body = "Standards body" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#standards-body"] [company = "Company" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/xmltools/#Company"] [person = "Person" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/#person"] {charset, site-about, "http://www.hermessoft.com/codepage.html"} {charset, article-about, "http://www.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/stand.html"} {charset, site-about, "http://czyborra.com/"} [script-category = "Script category" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#category"] {script-category, definition, [[The broadest category of scripts, reflecting how the script came into being and what it has been used for, rather than being typology based on their features.]]} [script-group = "Script group" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#group"] {script-group, article-about, "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march97/sesame/03clews.html"} {script-group, definition, [[The broadest category of natural scripts, reflecting the historical development of scripts, rather than being a typology based on their features.]]} [script-family = "Script family" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#family"] {script-family, definition, [[A category of scripts derived from the same source. Usually the scripts in a script family are closely related, both historically and in features.]]} [transcription = "Transcription" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#transcription"] {transcription, definition, [[A standardized method for representing the sound of one language in a script not normally used to write that language.]]} {transcription, article-about, "http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/romanization.html"} [transliteration = "Transliteration" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#transliteration"] {transliteration, definition, [[A standardized method for representing an ortography of a language in a script different from the one the ortography is actually written in.]]} {transliteration, article-about, "http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/romanization.html"} /* --- Hierarchy PSIs --- */ [hierarchical-relation-type = "Hierarchical relation type" @"http://www.techquila.com/psi/hierarchy/#hierarchical-relation-type"] [superordinate-role-type = "Superordinate role type" @"http://www.techquila.com/psi/hierarchy/#superordinate-role-type"] [subordinate-role-type = "Subordinate role type" @"http://www.techquila.com/psi/hierarchy/#subordinate-role-type"] /* --- Association types --- */ [written-in = "Written in" = "Used to write" / script abjad abugida alphabet syllabary logosyllabary @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#written-in"] [spoken-in = "Spoken in" = "Languages spoken" / country = "Languages spoken" / province @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#spoken-in"] [part-of : hierarchical-relation-type = "Part of" = "Consists of" / container @"http://psi.ontopia.net/geography/#located-in"] [contains-codes-for = "Contains codes for" = "Code registry for" / item-type @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#contains-codes-for"] [encodes = "Encodes" = "Encoded by" / charset @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#encodes"] [supports = "Supports" = "Supported by" / supported @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#supports"] [supporter = "Supporter"] [supported = "Supported"] [defined-by = "Defined by" = "Defined" / std-body @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#defined-by"] [belongs-to : hierarchical-relation-type = "Belongs to" / containee = "Contains" / container = "Containment" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#belongs-to"] [extension-of = "Extension of" = "Extended by" / original @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#extension-of"] [derived-from : hierarchical-relation-type = "Gave rise to" / predecessor = "Derived from" / successor = "Derivation" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#derived-from"] [influenced-by = "Influenced by" / influenced = "Influenced" / influence = "Influence" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#influenced-by"] [created-by = "Creator of" / creator = "Created by" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#created-by"] [deciphered-by = "Deciphered by" = "Deciphered" / person @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#deciphered-by"] [defines-standards-for = "Defines standards for" = "Standards body" / country @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#defines-standards-for"] [transforms-from = "Transformation from" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#transformation-from"] [transforms-to = "Transformation to" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#transformation-to"] [writing-direction = "Writing direction" = "Scripts using" / direction @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#writing-direction"] [direction = "Direction of writing" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#direction-of-writing"] /* --- Association roles --- */ [creator = "Creator"] [creation = "Creation"] [predecessor : superordinate-role-type = "Predecessor" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#predecessor"] [successor : subordinate-role-type = "Successor" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#successor"] [item-type = "Item type"] [superset = "Superset"] [subset = "Subset"] [container : superordinate-role-type = "Container" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#container"] [containee : subordinate-role-type = "Containee" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#containee"] [extended = "Extended"] [original = "Original"] [method = "Method"] [source = "Source"] [target = "Target"] [influence = "Influence"] [influenced = "Influenced"] /* Name scopes */ [old-name = "Old name"] [official-name = "Official name"] [native-name = "Native name"] [other-name = "Other name"] /* Occurrence types */ [official-site = "Official site"] [specification = "Specification"] [article-about = "Article"] [site-using = "Site using"] [site-about = "Site about"] [tutorial = "Tutorial"] [mapping-table = "Mapping table"] [chartable = "Character table"] [mentioned-in = "Mentioned in"] [definition = "Definition"] [description = "Description" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/xtm/occurrence-type/description" @"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description"] [forum = "Discussion forum"] [journal = "Journal"] [test-page = "Test page"] [bibliography = "Bibliography"] [tables-for = "Tables for"] [biography = "Biography of"] [bibref = "Bibliographic reference"] [period-of-use = "In use" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#period-of-use"] [number-of-characters = "Number of characters" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/i18n/#number-of-characters"] {number-of-characters, definition, [[This is the number of distinct characters a script contains. If the script has two cases (upper and lower), both are counted.]]} /* Documentation */ {derived-from, definition, [[A script is derived from another when it was clearly created with the other script as the single most important basis for the script, and when script model, character shapes, order, names, and sound values have been largely preserved. In some cases the script model will have changed to support a different language, and there needs to be differences in character repertoire sufficient to consider the two scripts distinct.]]} /* ===== STANDARDS ===== */ [iso : std-body = "International Organization for Standardization"] {iso, official-site, "http://www.iso.ch"} [iso-15924 : standard = "ISO/IEC 15924"] contains-codes-for(iso-15924, script : item-type) defined-by(iso-15924, iso) {iso-15924, official-site, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso15924/"} [iso-14651 : standard = "ISO/IEC 14651"] defined-by(iso-14651, iso) {iso-14651, specification, "http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n2933.pdf"} [iso-10646 : charset = "ISO/IEC 10646"] defined-by(iso, iso-10646 : standard) {iso-10646, specification, "http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/annex-g.txt"} [iso-639 : standard = "ISO/IEC 639"] contains-codes-for(iso-639, language : item-type) defined-by(iso-639, iso) {iso-639, official-site, "http://lcweb.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/langhome.html"} [iso-3166 : standard = "ISO/IEC 3166"] contains-codes-for(iso-3166, country : item-type) defined-by(iso-3166, iso) {iso-3166, official-site, "http://www.din.de/gremien/nas/nabd/iso3166ma/"} [jisc : std-body = "Japanese Industrial Standards Committee"] {jisc, official-site, "http://www.jisc.org"} defines-standards-for(jisc, japan) [tisi : std-body = "Thai Industrial Standards Institute"] {tisi, official-site, "http://www.tisi.go.th/"} defines-standards-for(tisi, thailand) [fips-pub-10-4 : standard = "COUNTRIES, DEPENDENCIES, AREAS OF SPECIAL SOVEREIGNTY, AND THEIR PRINCIPAL ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS"] contains-codes-for(fips-pub-10-4, country : item-type) {fips-pub-10-4, specification, "http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip10-4.htm"} [iso-8859-1 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-1"] extension-of(iso-8859-1 : extended, ascii : original) defined-by(iso-8859-1 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-1 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-2 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-2"] {iso-8859-2, article-about, "http://www.whizkidtech.net/ISO-8859-2/"} defined-by(iso-8859-2 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-2 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-3 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-3"] defined-by(iso-8859-3 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-3 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-4 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-4"] defined-by(iso-8859-4 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-4 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-5 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-5" = "Latin/Cyrillic Alphabet"] defined-by(iso-8859-5 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-5 : supporter, cyrillic : supported) supports(iso-8859-5 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-6 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-6" = "Latin/Arabic Alphabet"] defined-by(iso-8859-6 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-6 : supporter, arabic-s : supported) supports(iso-8859-6 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-7 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-7" = "ELOT 928" = "Latin/Greek Alphabet"] defined-by(iso-8859-7 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-7 : supporter, greek-s : supported) supports(iso-8859-7 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-8 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-8" = "Latin/Hebrew Alphabet"] defined-by(iso-8859-8 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-8 : supporter, hebrew-s : supported) supports(iso-8859-8 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-9 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-9"] defined-by(iso-8859-9 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-9 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-10 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-10"] defined-by(iso-8859-10 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-10 : supporter, latin-s : supported) {iso-8859-10, test-page, "http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/iso8859/iso8859j.htm"} [iso-8859-11 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-11" = "TIS-620"] defined-by(iso-8859-11 : standard, iso) defined-by(iso-8859-11 : standard, tisi) supports(iso-8859-11 : supporter, latin-s : supported) supports(iso-8859-11 : supporter, thai-s : supported) [iso-8859-13 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-13"] defined-by(iso-8859-13 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-13 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-14 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-14"] defined-by(iso-8859-14 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-14 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [iso-8859-15 : charset charenc = "ISO 8859-15"] defined-by(iso-8859-15 : standard, iso) supports(iso-8859-15 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [tron : charset = "TRON"] {tron, official-site, "http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/homepage.html"} [bytext : charset = "Bytext"] {bytext, official-site, "http://www.bytext.org/"} [utf-2000 : charset = "UTF-2000"] {utf-2000, official-site, "http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~tomo/UTF-2000/"} [unicode-c : std-body = "The Unicode Consortium"] [microsoft : company = "Microsoft"] {microsoft, official-site, "http://www.microsoft.com"} [utr10 : standard = "The Unicode Collation Algorithm"] defined-by(utr10, unicode-c) {utr10, specification, "http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr10/"} [unicode : charset = "Unicode"] extension-of(unicode : extended, iso-8859-1 : original) defined-by(unicode : standard, unicode-c) {unicode, official-site, "http://www.unicode.org/"} {unicode, article-about, "http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/"} {unicode, site-about, "http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/unicode/"} {unicode, chartable, "http://www.unicode.org/charts/"} {unicode, article-about, "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html?dwzone=unicode"} {unicode, forum, "http://www.unicode.org/unicode/consortium/distlist.html"} encodes([utf-7 : charenc = "UTF-7"], unicode) defined-by(utf-7 : standard, unicode-c : std-body) {utf-7, specification, "ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/rfc/rfc2152.txt"} encodes([utf-8 : charenc = "UTF-8"], unicode) defined-by(utf-8 : standard, unicode-c : std-body) {utf-8, specification, "ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/rfc/rfc2279.txt"} {utf-8, site-using, "http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/WhatIsUnicode.html"} {utf-8, site-using, "http://www.trigeminal.com/samples/provincial.html"} {utf-8, site-using, "http://www.fortunecity.it/centro/democrazia/2/"} encodes([utf-16 : charenc = "UTF-16"], unicode) defined-by(utf-16 : standard, unicode-c : std-body) encodes([utf-32 : charenc = "UTF-32"], unicode) defined-by(utf-32 : standard, unicode-c : std-body) encodes([ucs-2 : charenc = "UCS-2"], unicode) extension-of(ucs-2 : original, utf-16 : extended) encodes([utf-9 : charenc = "UTF-9"], unicode) {utf-9, specification, "http://www.globecom.net/ietf/draft/draft-abela-utf9-00.html"} supports(unicode : supporter, latin-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, arabic-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, hebrew-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, chinese-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, hiragana : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, katakana : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, hangul : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, armenian-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, georgian-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, devanagari : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, greek-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, gujarati-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, gurmukhi : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, kannada-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, sinhalese-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, telugu-s : supported) supports(unicode : supporter, thai-s : supported) [ascii : charset charenc = "ASCII"] {ascii, article-about, "http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso646.html"} [armscii : charset charenc = "ARMSCII"] supports(armscii : supporter, armenian-s : supported) {armscii, specification, "http://moon.yerphi.am/~hovik/ArmSCII/armcs-006.html"} {armscii, mapping-table, "http://moon.yerphi.am/~hovik/ArmSCII/xref.txt"} [gsm03.38 : charset charenc = "GSM 03.38"] {gsm03.38, chartable, "http://www.nobbi.com/images/gsm338.png"} [viscii : charset charenc = "VISCII"] supports(viscii : supporter, latin-s : supported) {viscii, specification, "http://www.vietstd.org/document/viscii1.htm"} {viscii, specification, "ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1456.txt"} {viscii, article-about, "http://czyborra.com/charsets/vietnamese.html"} {viscii, mapping-table, "http://www.vietstd.org/document/unicode.html"} {viscii, site-using, "http://www.vnisoft.com/english/visciitext.htm"} {viscii, site-using, "http://www.godsdirectcontact.org/auviscii/news/118/"} [viscii2 : charset charenc = "VISCII-2" = "TCVN 5712:1993 VN2"] supports(viscii2 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [tcvn : charset charenc = "TCVN encoding" = "TCVN-Roman" = "TCVN 5712:1993 VN1"] supports(tcvn : supporter, latin-s : supported) {tcvn, specification, "http://wwwthep.physik.uni-mainz.de/~dhson/tcvn.html"} {tcvn, site-using, "http://www.tcvn.gov.vn"} {tcvn, mapping-table, "http://www.vnet.org/vanlangsj/mozilla/tvcn_uni.txt"} [viqr : charset charenc = "VIQR"] supports(viqr : supporter, latin-s : supported) {viqr, specification, "ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1456.txt"} [vps : charset charenc = "VPS"] supports(vps : supporter, latin-s : supported) {vps, mapping-table, "http://www.vnet.org/vanlangsj/mozilla/vps_uni.txt"} [isfoc : charset charenc = "ISFOC"] supports(isfoc : supporter, devanagari : supported) {isfoc, article-about, "http://www.scit.4mg.com/gist.html"} [iscii : charset charenc = "ISCII"] supports(iscii : supporter, devanagari : supported) {iscii, chartable, "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5180/iscii91.html"} {iscii, article-about, "http://www.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/indic.html"} [tscii : charset charenc = "TSCII"] supports(tscii : supporter, tamil-s : supported) {tscii, specification, "http://www.tamil.net/tscii/tscii_draft.html"} [cp1250 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1250 (Central Europe)"] defined-by(cp1250 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1250 : supporter, latin-s : supported) {cp1250, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1250.htm"} [cp1251 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1251 (Cyrillic)"] defined-by(cp1251 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1251 : supporter, cyrillic : supported) {cp1251, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1251.htm"} [cp1252 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1252 (Latin I)"] defined-by(cp1252 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1252 : supporter, latin-s : supported) extension-of(cp1252 : extended, iso-8859-1 : original) {cp1252, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1252.htm"} [cp1253 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1253 (Greek)"] defined-by(cp1253 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1253 : supporter, greek-s : supported) {cp1253, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1253.htm"} [cp1254 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1254 (Turkish)"] defined-by(cp1254 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1254 : supporter, latin-s : supported) {cp1254, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1254.htm"} [cp1255 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1255 (Hebrew)"] defined-by(cp1255 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1255 : supporter, hebrew-s : supported) {cp1255, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1255.htm"} [cp1256 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1256 (Arabic)"] defined-by(cp1256 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1256 : supporter, arabic-s : supported) {cp1256, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1256.htm"} [cp1257 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1257 (Baltic)"] defined-by(cp1257 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1257 : supporter, latin-s : supported) {cp1257, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1257.htm"} [cp1258 : charenc charset = "Windows CP 1258 (Vietnamese)"] defined-by(cp1258 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp1258 : supporter, latin-s : supported) {cp1258, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1258.htm"} [cp950 : charenc = "Windows CP 950"] supports(cp950 : supporter, chinese-s : supported) extension-of(cp950 : extended, big5 : original) {cp950, mapping-table, "http://oss.software.ibm.com/cvs/icu/charset/data/xml/windows-950-2000.xml"} {cp950, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/dbcs/950.htm"} {cp950, mapping-table, "http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP950.TXT"} [cp874 : charset charenc = "Windows CP 874 (Thai)"] defined-by(cp874 : standard, microsoft : std-body) supports(cp874 : supporter, thai-s : supported) extension-of(iso-8859-11 : original, cp874 : extended) {cp874, chartable, "http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/874.htm"} [iso-2022-cn : charenc = "ISO 2022-CN"] supports(iso-2022-cn : supporter, chinese-s : supported) {iso-2022-cn, specification, "ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/rfc/rfc1922.txt"} [gb2312 : charset = "GB-2312"] supports(gb2312 : supporter, chinese-s : supported) [euc-cn : charenc = "GB2312" = "EUC-CN"] encodes(euc-cn, gb2312) [gbk : charenc = "GBK" = "Windows CP 936" / microsoft] encodes(gbk, gb2312) extension-of(gbk : extended, euc-cn : original) [gb-18030 : charset = "GB-18030"] encodes(gb-18030, unicode) extension-of(gb-18030 : extended, gbk : original) {gb-18030, article-about, "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-china.html?dwzone=unicode"} {gb-18030, article-about, "ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/cjkv/pdf/GB18030_Summary.pdf"} [cns-11643 : charset = "CNS-11643"] supports(cns-11643 : supporter, chinese-s : supported) [euc-tw : charenc = "EUC-TW"] encodes(euc-tw, cns-11643) [big5 : charset charenc = "Big 5"] supports(big5 : supporter, chinese-s : supported) {big5, site-using, "http://www.cmex.org.tw/big-5.html"} [euc-kr : charenc = "EUC-KR" = "Windows CP 949 (Korean)" / microsoft] supports(euc-kr : supporter, hangul : supported) {euc-kr, site-using, "http://www.daum.net"} {euc-kr, site-using, "http://www.ahnlab.com"} {euc-kr, site-using, "http://www.naver.com"} {euc-kr, site-using, "http://www.hp.co.kr"} [ks_c_5601 : charenc = "KS C 5601"] supports(ks_c_5601 : supporter, hangul : supported) {ks_c_5601, site-using, "http://www.microsoft.com/korea"} {ks_c_5601, site-using, "http://www.auction.co.kr"} {ks_c_5601, site-using, "http://www.iloveschool.co.kr"} [jis-0208 : charset = "JIS X 0208"] supports(jis-0208 : supporter, chinese-s : supported) supports(jis-0208 : supporter, katakana : supported) supports(jis-0208 : supporter, hiragana : supported) defined-by(jis-0208 : standard, jisc) [shift-jis : charenc = "Shift-JIS" = "Windows CP 932" / microsoft] encodes(shift-jis, jis-0208) defined-by(shift-jis : standard, microsoft : std-body) [iso-2022-jp : charenc = "ISO 2022-JP"] encodes(iso-2022-jp, jis-0208) [euc-jp : charenc = "EUC-JP"] encodes(euc-jp, jis-0208) [windows-sami-2 : charset charenc = "Sami-WS2"] {windows-sami-2, specification, "http://skolelinux.ping.uio.no/info/samisk/Tn35.pdf"} {windows-sami-2, site-using, "http://hjem.sol.no/sl1015/sami/inetsws1.htm"} {windows-sami-2, article-about, "http://hjem.sol.no/sl1015/sami/inetsan2.htm"} supports(windows-sami-2 : supporter, latin-s : supported) [hkscs : charset = "HKSCS"] supports(hkscs : supporter, chinese-s : supported) {hkscs, article-about, "http://www.info.gov.hk/digital21/eng/hkscs/introduction.html"} {hkscs, article-about, "http://www.unicode.org/iuc/iuc18/papers/b19.ppt"} [hkscs-big5 : charenc = "Big5 HKSCS"] encodes(hkscs, hkscs-big5) extension-of(hkscs-big5 : original, cp874 : extended) [tisi : std-body = "Thai Industrial Standards Institute"] {tisi, official-site, "http://www.nectec.or.th/it-standards/"} /* ===== LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS ===== */ [natural-scripts : script-category = "Natural scripts"] {natural-scripts, definition, [[Natural scripts are scripts which were created in order to serve a living natural language, and used by ordinary people to serve their day-to-day needs.]]} /* --- Writing directions --- */ [rtl : direction = "Right to left"] [ltr : direction = "Left to right"] [bu-ltr : direction = "Bottom up, left to right"] [bu-rtl : direction = "Bottom up, right to left"] [tb-rtl : direction = "Top to bottom, right to left"] [tb-ltr : direction = "Top to bottom, left to right"] [variable : direction = "Variable"] [upwards-boustrophedon : direction = "Upwards boustrophedon"] [boustrophedon : direction = "Boustrophedon"] {rtl, description, [[Primarily used by the semitic writing systems, but also by other writing systems. Many scripts using this direction write numbers left-to-right. Mixing right-to-left and left-to-right text produces bidirectional text, which is hard to read.]]} {ltr, description, [[The writing direction used on this page, and the most common writing direction for scripts today.]]} {bu-ltr, description, [[This direction uses columns where one starts to read on the lower left and proceeds upwards to the top of the page. At the top of the page reading continues at the bottom of the next column to the right.]]} {bu-rtl, description, [[This direction uses columns where one starts to read on the lower right and proceeds upwards to the top of the page. At the top of the page reading continues at the bottom of the next column to the left.]]} {tb-rtl, description, [[This direction uses columns where one starts to read on the upper right and proceeds downwards to the bottom of the page. At the bottom of the page reading continues at the top of the next column to the left.]]} {tb-ltr, description, [[This direction uses columns where one starts to read on the upper left and proceeds downwards to the bottom of the page. At the bottom of the page reading continues at the top of the next column to the right.]]} {boustrophedon, description, [[A writing direction used in some ancient Greek writing, where lines alternate between being written left-to-right and right-to-left. The word comes from the way oxen turn at the end of each row when ploughing.]]} {upwards-boustrophedon, description, [[Boustrophedon writing (with alternating line directions), but starting at the bottom and moving upwards.]]} {variable, description, [[Not all scripts have a definite writing directions, and so each writer chooses what direction to use. For some scripts there is no standard at all, while for others the writer can choose between a limited number of directions.]]} /* --- Script groups and families --- */ [semitic : script-group = "Semitic scripts"] [greek-f : script-family = "Greek script family"] [south-semitic : script-family = "Southern semitic script family"] [north-semitic : script-family = "Northern semitic script family"] [aramaic-f : script-family = "Aramaic script family"] belongs-to(natural-scripts : container, semitic : containee) {semitic, definition, [[Contains the scripts descended from the proto-caananite script (also known as the northern linear abjad). These scripts show great systematic variation, and are united mainly by their common descent. The brahmic scripts have been separated out into a group of their own.]]} {north-semitic, definition, [[The ancestral northern linear abjad quickly developed distinct northern and southern variants. The scripts in this group are the descendants of the northern variant.]]} {south-semitic, definition, [[The ancestral northern linear abjad quickly developed distinct northern and southern variants. The scripts in this group are the descendants of the southern variant.]]} {greek-f, definition, [[Contains the greek alphabet and all its descendants, which are also alphabets. The scripts in this family all follow much the same principles.]]} {aramaic-f, definition, [[Contains the scripts derived from the aramaic abjad. These scripts have great family similarities, although some have developed into full alphabets. The brahmic scripts descend from the aramaic abjad, but have their own script group.]]} belongs-to(semitic : container, greek-f : containee) belongs-to(semitic : container, south-semitic : containee) belongs-to(semitic : container, north-semitic : containee) belongs-to(semitic : container, aramaic-f : containee) [kharoshthi : abugida = "Kharoshthi" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#khar"] {kharoshthi, period-of-use, [[500 B.C.E. - 300 C.E.]]} writing-direction(kharoshthi : script, rtl : direction) {kharoshthi, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kharosthi.htm"} {kharoshthi, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/kharosthi.html"} {kharoshthi, description, [[The oldest Indian script, excepting the Indus script; almost certainly derived from Aramaic. It was developed in much the same way as Greek: in adapting an abjad to a non-Semitic language, a mechanism to indicate vowels was added. In Greek separate vowel symbols were added, but in Kharoshthi vowels are indicated through systematic modifications to the consonant symbols.]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, kharoshthi : successor) belongs-to(north-indic : container, kharoshthi : containee) /* http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/chart.jpg */ [james-prinsep : person = "James Prinsep"; "Prinsep, James"] [brahmic : script-group = "Brahmic scripts"] belongs-to(natural-scripts : container, brahmic : containee) [brahmic-s : abugida = "Brahmi" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#brah"] {brahmic-s, period-of-use, [[500 B.C.E. - 600? C.E.]]} {brahmic-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/brahmi.html"} {brahmic-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahmi.htm"} {brahmic-s, article-about, "http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/position/salomon.html"} {brahmic, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/9594/brahmi.html"} {brahmic, site-about, "http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html"} {brahmic, article-about, "http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/stone_catend/tr1.htm"} {brahmic, article-about, "http://www.indiaheritage.com/science/ling.htm"} writing-direction(brahmic-s : script, ltr : direction) deciphered-by(james-prinsep, brahmic-s : script) [north-indic : script-family = "North Indic scripts"] [south-indic : script-family = "South Indic scripts"] [se-asian : script-family = "South-East Asian scripts"] [insular : script-family = "Insular scripts of South-East Asia"] belongs-to(brahmic : container, north-indic : containee) belongs-to(brahmic : container, south-indic : containee) belongs-to(brahmic : container, se-asian : containee) belongs-to(brahmic : container, insular : containee) belongs-to(north-indic : container, brahmic-s : containee) {brahmic, definition, [[Contains all the scripts derived from Ashokan brahmi used throughout southern Asia. The scrips are all of the same basic type, though with considerable variations.]]} {north-indic, definition, [[The north indic scripts are the scripts derived from the northern branch of Ashokan brahmi. These scripts show clear family resemblances.]]} {south-indic, definition, [[The south indic scripts are the scripts derived from the southern branch of Ashokan brahmi. These scripts show clear family resemblances.]]} {se-asian, definition, [[Contains the scripts derived from the Pallava script that were used throughout the mainland of south-east Asia.]]} {insular, definition, [[Contains the scripts derived from the Pallava script that were used throughout the islands of south-east Asia.]]} [sinitic : script-group = "Sinitic scripts"] belongs-to(natural-scripts : container, sinitic : containee) {sinitic, definition, [[The sinitic scripts are the scripts derived from the Chinese scripts, as well as a number of other scripts designed to resemble it graphically, or to be used together with it for various purposes.]]} /* --- Indian language area --- */ [bangladesh : country = "Bangladesh" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#BD"] [bengali-l : language = "Bengali language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#bn"] {bengali-l, tutorial, "http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/bengali_index.html"} [bengali-s : abugida = "Bengali script" = "Bangla" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#beng"] {bengali-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm"} {bengali-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_bengali.html"} {bengali-s, site-using, "http://lekho.sourceforge.net/banglapage.html"} spoken-in(bengali-l, bangladesh : region) written-in(bengali-l, bengali-s : script) belongs-to(north-indic : container, bengali-s : containee) derived-from(proto-bengali : predecessor, bengali-s : successor) [sylheti : language = "Sylheti"] [sylheti-nagri : abugida = "Syloti Nagri"] {sylheti-nagri, period-of-use, [[1303 -]]} {sylheti-nagri, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sylheti.htm"} {sylheti-nagri, article-about, "http://www.sylheti.org.uk/page3.html"} {sylheti, article-about, "http://www.sylheti.org.uk/page2.html"} writing-direction(sylheti-nagri : script, ltr : direction) written-in(sylheti, sylheti-nagri : script) derived-from(kaithi : predecessor, sylheti-nagri : successor) spoken-in(sylheti, bangladesh : region) belongs-to(sylheti-nagri : containee, north-indic : container) [bhutan : country = "Bhutan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#BT"] [dzongkha : language = "Dzongkha" = "Bhutanese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#dz"] {dzongkha, article-about, "http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/host/himalaya/dzongkha.html"} {dzongkha, article-about, "http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/host/himalaya/individ/roman.html"} spoken-in(dzongkha, bhutan : region) written-in(dzongkha, tibetan-s : script) [gupta : abugida = "Gupta"] derived-from(brahmic-s : predecessor, gupta : successor) belongs-to(gupta : containee, north-indic : container) [siddham : abugida = "Siddham"] {siddham, period-of-use, [[700 CE to 1200 CE]]} derived-from(gupta : predecessor, siddham : successor) belongs-to(siddham : containee, north-indic : container) {siddham, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddham"} {siddham, site-about, "http://visiblemantra.org/"} [nagari : abugida = "Nagari"] derived-from(siddham : predecessor, nagari : successor) belongs-to(nagari : containee, north-indic : container) [sharada : abugida = "Sharada"] derived-from(gupta : predecessor, sharada : successor) belongs-to(sharada : containee, north-indic : container) {sharada, article-about, "http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html"} [proto-bengali : abugida = "Proto-bengali"] derived-from(nagari : predecessor, proto-bengali : successor) [india : country = "India" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#IN"] {india, site-about, "http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html"} [west-bengal : province = "West Bengal"] part-of(west-bengal : containee, india : container) [maharashtra : province = "Maharashtra"] {maharashtra, site-about, "http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/"} {maharashtra, article-about, "http://www.mumbainet.com/cityinfo/histmaha.htm"} {maharashtra, site-about, "http://www.geocities.com/s_pravin/maharashtra.html"} part-of(maharashtra : containee, india : container) [gondi : language = "Gondi"] written-in(gondi, devanagari : script) spoken-in(gondi, maharashtra : region) [andhra-pradesh : province = "Andhra Pradesh"] [telugu-l : language = "Telugu language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#te"] {telugu-l, tutorial, "http://www.andhratoday.com/ltelugu/"} [telugu-s : abugida = "Telugu script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#telu"] {telugu-s, period-of-use, [[1500 -]]} {telugu-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/telugu.htm"} {telugu-s, article-about, "http://www.agfamonotype.co.uk/NonLatin/wt_info/info_telugu.html"} {telugu-s, site-using, "http://telugu.sify.com/"} {telugu-s, site-using, "http://www.etelugu.com/index.shtml"} {telugu-s, tutorial, "http://www.andhratoday.com/ltelugu/"} {telugu-l, tutorial, "http://www.sirigina.com/learn/"} part-of(andhra-pradesh : containee, india : container) spoken-in(telugu-l, andhra-pradesh : region) written-in(telugu-l, telugu-s : script) spoken-in(hindu, andhra-pradesh : region) belongs-to(south-indic : container, telugu-s : containee) derived-from(old-kannada : predecessor, telugu-s : successor) [assam-p : province = "Assam province"] [assamese : language = "Assamese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#as"] part-of(assam-p : containee, india : container) spoken-in(assamese, assam-p : region) written-in(assamese, bengali-s : script) [bihar : province = "Bihar"] [bihari : language = "Bihari" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#bh"] [kaithi : abugida = "Kaithi"] part-of(bihar : containee, india : container) written-in(bihari, kaithi : script) spoken-in(bihari, bihar : region) spoken-in(hindu, bihar : region) belongs-to(north-indic : container, kaithi : containee) [goa : province = "Goa"] [marathi : language = "Marathi" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#mr"] [portuguese : language = "Portuguese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#pt"] /* FIXME! */ [konkani : language = "Konkani" ] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#kok"*/ [devanagari : abugida = "Devanagari" = "देवनागरी" / native-name @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#deva"] {devanagari, period-of-use, [[1000 C.E. - ]]} {devanagari, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari.htm"} {devanagari, article-about, "http://asianstudies.anu.edu.au/hindi/alphabet/"} {devanagari, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_devanagari.html"} {devanagari, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/devanagari.html"} {devanagari, site-using, "http://www.trigeminal.com/index.asp?1081"} [bhojpuri : language = "Bhojpuri"] written-in(bhojpuri, devanagari : script) [mundari : language = "Mundari"] written-in(mundari, devanagari : script) [sanskrit : language = "Sanskrit"] {sanskrit, article-about, "http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/world_languages/39065"} {sanskrit, site-about, "http://sundaralokah.net/sanskrit/references.shtml"} {sanskrit, article-about, "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"} written-in(sanskrit, devanagari : script) written-in(sanskrit, brahmic-s : script) derived-from(nagari : predecessor, devanagari : successor) writing-direction(devanagari : script, ltr : direction) [harvard-kyoto : transcription = "Harvard-Kyoto"] transforms-from(harvard-kyoto : method, sanskrit : source) transforms-to(harvard-kyoto : method, latin-s : target) part-of(goa : containee, india : container) spoken-in(marathi, maharashtra : region) spoken-in(marathi, goa : region) spoken-in(portuguese, goa : region) spoken-in(konkani, goa : region) written-in(marathi, devanagari : script) belongs-to(north-indic : container, devanagari : containee) [gujarat : province = "Gujarat"] [gujarati-l : language = "Gujarati" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#gu"] [kacchi : language = "Kacchi"] [gujarati-s : abugida = "Gujarati" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#gujr"] {gujarati-s, period-of-use, [[1550 C.E. - ]]} {gujarati-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gujarati.htm"} {gujarati-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_gujerati.html"} {gujarati-s, site-using, "http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/"} {gujarati-s, site-using, "http://www.sambhaav.com/"} {gujarati-s, site-using, "http://www.asmita.com/"} [sindhi : language = "Sindhi" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#sd"] writing-direction(gujarati-s : script, ltr : direction) part-of(gujarat : containee, india : container) spoken-in(gujarati-l, gujarat : region) spoken-in(sindhi, gujarat : region) written-in(gujarati-l, gujarati-s : script) written-in(kacchi, gujarati-s : script) written-in(sindhi, arabic-s : script) belongs-to(north-indic : container, gujarati-s : containee) derived-from(proto-bengali : predecessor, gujarati-s : successor) [haryana : province = "Haryana"] [hindu : language = "Hindi" = "Urdu" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ur" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#hi"] {hindu, article-about, "http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/countries/Inda.html#HND"} {hindu, site-about, "http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindilinks.html"} part-of(haryana : containee, india : container) written-in(hindu, devanagari : script) spoken-in(hindu, haryana : region) [himachal-pradesh : province = "Himachal Pradesh"] part-of(himachal-pradesh : containee, india : container) spoken-in(hindu, himachal-pradesh : region) [kashmir : province = "Jammu and Kashmir"] [kashmiri : language = "Kashmiri" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ks"] {kashmiri, site-about, "http://jammu-kashmir.org/KOA/Languages/"} part-of(kashmir : containee, india : container) written-in(kashmiri, arabic-s : script) written-in(kashmiri, devanagari : script) spoken-in(kashmiri, kashmir : region) spoken-in(hindu, kashmir : region) [calukya : abugida = "Calukya" = "Vengi"] {calukya, period-of-use, [[400 C.E. - 600 C.E.]]} derived-from(brahmic-s : predecessor, calukya : successor) [kadamba : abugida = "Kadamba"] {kadamba, period-of-use, [[400 C.E. - 600 C.E.]]} derived-from(brahmic-s : predecessor, kadamba : successor) [karnataka : province = "Karnataka" = "Mysore" / old-name] [kannada-l : language = "Kannarese" = "Kannada" / iso-639 @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#kn"] [old-kannada : abugida = "Old kannada"] [kannada-s : abugida = "Kannada" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#knda"] {kannada-s, period-of-use, [[1500 -]]} {kannada-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm"} {kannada-s, article-about, "http://brahmi.sourceforge.net/docs/KannadaComputing.html"} {kannada-s, site-using, "http://www.prajavani.net/"} {kannada-s, site-using, "http://www.samyuktakarnataka.com/"} {kannada-s, site-using, "http://www.kannadaprabha.com/"} part-of(karnataka : containee, india : container) spoken-in(kannada-l, karnataka : region) written-in(kannada-l, kannada-s : script) belongs-to(south-indic : container, kannada-s : containee) derived-from(kadamba : predecessor, old-kannada : successor) derived-from(old-kannada : predecessor, kannada-s : successor) [kerala : province = "Kerala"] [malayalam-l : language = "Malayalam language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ml"] [malayalam-s : abugida = "Malayalam script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#mlym"] {malayalam-s, period-of-use, [[700 -]]} {malayalam-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm"} {malayalam-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_malayal.html"} {malayalam-s, site-using, "http://www.malayalamanorama.com/"} writing-direction(malayalam-s : script, ltr : direction) part-of(kerala : containee, india : container) written-in(malayalam-l, malayalam-s : script) written-in(malayalam-l, arabic-s : script) spoken-in(malayalam-l, kerala : region) belongs-to(south-indic : container, malayalam-s : containee) derived-from(grantha : predecessor, malayalam-s : successor) [madhya-pradesh : province = "Madhya Pradesh"] part-of(madhya-pradesh : containee, india : container) spoken-in(hindu, madhya-pradesh : region) spoken-in(marathi, madhya-pradesh : region) [meghalaya : province = "Meghalaya"] /* FIXME! */ [khasi : language = "Khasi"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#kha" */ part-of(meghalaya : containee, india : container) written-in(khasi, latin-s : script) spoken-in(khasi, meghalaya : region) spoken-in(bengali-l, meghalaya : region) [kalinga : abugida = "Kalinga"] derived-from(brahmic-s : predecessor, kalinga : successor) written-in(oriya-l : language, kalinga : script) belongs-to(north-indic : container, kalinga : containee) [orissa : province = "Orissa"] [oriya-l : language = "Oriya language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#or"] [oriya-s : abugida = "Oriya script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#orya"] {oriya-s, period-of-use, [[1000 C.E. - ]]} {oriya-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oriya.htm"} {oriya-s, article-about, "http://www.agfamonotype.co.uk/NonLatin/wt_info/info_oriya.html"} writing-direction(oriya-s : script, ltr : direction) part-of(orissa : containee, india : container) written-in(oriya-l, oriya-s : script) written-in(sanskrit, oriya-s : script) written-in(pali-l, oriya-s : script) spoken-in(oriya-l, orissa : region) belongs-to(north-indic : container, oriya-s : containee) derived-from(kalinga : predecessor, oriya-s : successor) [landa : abugida = "Landa"] derived-from(devanagari : predecessor, landa : successor) belongs-to(north-indic : container, landa : containee) [guru-angad : person = "Guru Angad"; "Angad, Guru"] [punjab : province = "Punjab"] [punjabi : language = "Punjabi" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#pa"] [gurmukhi : abugida = "Gurmukhi" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#guru"] {gurmukhi, period-of-use, [[1540 C.E. - ]]} {gurmukhi, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gurmuki.htm"} {gurmukhi, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_gurmukhi.html"} writing-direction(gurmukhi : script, ltr : direction) part-of(punjab : containee, india : container) written-in(punjabi, gurmukhi : script) written-in(punjabi, arabic-s : script) spoken-in(punjabi, punjab : region) spoken-in(hindu, punjab : region) belongs-to(north-indic : container, gurmukhi : containee) derived-from(landa : predecessor, gurmukhi : successor) created-by(guru-angad : creator, gurmukhi : creation) [rajasthan : province = "Rajasthan"] /* FIXME! */ [rajasthani : language = "Rajasthani"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#raj" */ part-of(rajasthan : containee, india : container) written-in(rajasthani, devanagari : script) spoken-in(rajasthani, rajasthan : region) [assam-p2 : province = "States and Union Territories of Assam"] /* FIXME! */ [manipuri : language = "Manipuri"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#mni"*/ [mizo : language = "Mizo"] [naga : language = "Naga"] part-of(assam-p2 : containee, india : container) spoken-in(manipuri, assam-p2 : region) spoken-in(mizo, assam-p2 : region) spoken-in(naga, assam-p2 : region) written-in(manipuri, bengali-s : script) written-in(mizo, bengali-s : script) written-in(naga, bengali-s : script) [grantha : abugida = "Grantha"] {grantha, period-of-use, [[300 B.C.E. - ?]]} derived-from(brahmic-s : predecessor, grantha : successor) written-in(grantha : script, tamil-l) belongs-to(grantha : containee, south-indic : container) [tamil-nadu : province = "Tamil Nadu"] [tamil-l : language = "Tamil language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ta"] [tamil-s : abugida = "Tamil script" = "Tamiz ezuttu" / tamil-l @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#taml"] {tamil-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tamil.htm"} {tamil-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_tamil.html"} {tamil-s, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5180/numeral.html"} part-of(tamil-nadu : containee, india : container) spoken-in(tamil-l, tamil-nadu : region) written-in(tamil-l, tamil-s : script) derived-from(grantha : predecessor, tamil-s : successor) belongs-to(south-indic : container, tamil-s : containee) [uttar-pradesh : province = "Uttar Pradesh"] spoken-in(hindu, uttar-pradesh : region) [west-bengal : province = "West Bengal"] spoken-in(bengali-l, west-bengal : region) [sikkim : province = "Sikkim"] part-of(sikkim : containee, india : container) [nepal : country = "Nepal" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#NP"] [nepali : language = "Nepali" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ne"] [limbu : language = "Limbu"] spoken-in(nepali, nepal : region) written-in(nepali, devanagari : script) spoken-in(limbu, nepal : region) written-in(limbu, devanagari : script) spoken-in(newari : language, nepal : region) written-in(newari : language, ranjana : script) written-in(newari : language, devanagari : script) [newari : language = "Newari"] {newari, description, [[Newari is an important language, since it is the oldest written language in Nepal, having been written since the 14th century. It is the language of the Newars, the earliest settlers of the Kathmandu valley.]]} {newari, article-about, "https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no36365.htm"} [ranjana : abugida = "Ranjana" = "Lantsa" / other-name = "Kutila" / other-name] {ranjana, description, [[Used by the Newars to write Newari, as well as in Tibet for parts of translations from Sanskrit to Tibetan.]]} {ranjana, period-of-use, [[953 - ]]} {ranjana, article-about, "http://malaiya.tripod.com/ranjana/"} {ranjana, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ranjana.htm"} derived-from(brahmic-s : predecessor, ranjana : successor) belongs-to(north-indic : container, ranjana : containee) [sri-lanka : country = "Sri Lanka" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#LK"] [sinhalese-l : language = "Sinhalese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#si"] [pali-l : language = "Pali"] {pali-l, article-about, "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"} [sinhalese-s : abugida = "Sinhalese" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#sinh"] {sinhalese-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sinhala.htm"} {sinhalese-s, article-about, "http://www.agfamonotype.co.uk/NonLatin/wt_info/info_sinhalese.html"} {sinhalese-s, article-about, "http://www-texdev.mpce.mq.edu.au/l2h/indic/Sinhala/lreport/node2.html"} {sinhalese-l, site-about, "http://www.sinhalapage.com/"} {sinhalese-l, article-about, "http://members.tripod.com/~hettiarachchi/sinhala2.html"} spoken-in(sinhalese-l, sri-lanka : region) spoken-in(english, sri-lanka : region) spoken-in(tamil-l, sri-lanka : region) written-in(sinhalese-l, sinhalese-s : script) written-in(pali-l, sinhalese-s : script) written-in(sanskrit, sinhalese-s : script) belongs-to(south-indic : container, sinhalese-s : containee) derived-from(grantha : predecessor, sinhalese-s : successor) [mangei-gomango : person = "Mangei Gomango"; "Gomango Mangei"] [sorang-sompeng : alphabet = "Sorang Sompeng"] [sora : language = "Sora"] created-by(sorang-sompeng : creation, mangei-gomango : creator) written-in(sora, sorang-sompeng : script) written-in(sora, latin-s : script) written-in(sora, telugu-s : script) written-in(sora, oriya-s : script) spoken-in(sora, andhra-pradesh : region) spoken-in(sora, orissa : region) spoken-in(sora, bihar : region) spoken-in(sora, tamil-nadu : region) writing-direction(sorang-sompeng : script, ltr : direction) {sorang-sompeng, period-of-use, [[1936 - ]]} {sorang-sompeng, number-of-characters, [[24]]} {sorang-sompeng, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sorangsompeng.htm"} {sora, article-about, "http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=SRB"} [pandit-raghunath : person = "Pandit Raghunath Murmu"; "Murmu, Pandit Raghunath"] [ol-cemet : alphabet = "Ol Cemet'" = "Ol Ciki" = "Ol"] [santali : language = "Santali"] spoken-in(santali, orissa : region) written-in(santali, ol-cemet : script) written-in(santali, bengali-s : script) written-in(santali, latin-s : script) written-in(santali, oriya-s : script) written-in(santali, devanagari : script) created-by(pandit-raghunath : creator, ol-cemet : creation) {ol-cemet, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/santali.htm"} {ol-cemet, article-about, "http://wesanthals.tripod.com/santals/id45.html"} {santali, site-about, "http://www.wesanthals.org"} {santali, article-about, "http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=SNT"} [lako-bodra : person = "Lako Bodra"; "Bodra, Lako"] [ho : language = "Ho"] [varang-kshiti : alphabet = "Varang Kshiti"] written-in(ho, varang-kshiti : script) written-in(ho, devanagari : script) written-in(ho, oriya-s : script) spoken-in(ho, bihar : region) spoken-in(ho, orissa : region) spoken-in(ho, bangladesh : region) spoken-in(ho, west-bengal : region) writing-direction(varang-kshiti : script, ltr : direction) created-by(lako-bodra : creator, varang-kshiti : creation) {varang-kshiti, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/varangkshiti.htm"} {ho, article-about, "http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=HOC"} /* --- Southeast Asia --- */ [burma : country = "Burma" = "Myanmar" / official-name @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#MM"] [burmese-l : language = "Burmese language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#my"] [khmuen : language = "Khmuen"] [burmese-s : abugida = "Burmese script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#mymr"] {burmese-s, period-of-use, [[1100 - ]]} {burmese-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/burmese.htm"} {burmese-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_burmese.html"} [mon-s : abugida = "Mon script"] [mon : language = "Mon"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#mkh" */ [shan : language = "Shan"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#shn"*/ [karen : language = "Karen"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#kar"*/ [kachin : language = "Kachin"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#kac"*/ spoken-in(burmese-l, burma : region) spoken-in(khmuen, burma : region) spoken-in(mon, burma : region) spoken-in(shan, burma : region) spoken-in(karen, burma : region) spoken-in(kachin, burma : region) written-in(burmese-l, burmese-s : script) written-in(kachin, latin-s : script) written-in(mon, khmer-s : script) belongs-to(se-asian : container, khmer-s : containee) belongs-to(se-asian : container, mon-s : containee) belongs-to(se-asian : container, burmese-s : containee) derived-from(mon-s : successor, pallava : predecessor) derived-from(burmese-s : successor, mon-s : predecessor) written-in(shan, burmese-s : script) written-in(karen, burmese-s : script) written-in(mon, burmese-s : script) [pallava : abugida = "Pallava grantha"] derived-from(grantha : predecessor, pallava : successor) belongs-to(south-indic : container, pallava : containee) [cambodia : country = "Cambodia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#KH"] [khmer-l : language = "Khmer language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#km"] [khmer-s : abugida = "Khmer script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#khmr"] {khmer-s, period-of-use, [[500 C.E. -]]} {khmer-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khmer.htm"} {khmer-s, article-about, "http://www.bauhahnm.clara.net/Khmer/Welcome.html"} writing-direction(khmer-s : script, ltr : direction) spoken-in(khmer-l, cambodia : region) written-in(khmer-l, khmer-s : script) derived-from(pallava : predecessor, khmer-s : successor) [laos : country = "Laos" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#LA"] [lao-l : language = "Lao language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#lo"] [lao-s : abugida = "Lao script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#laoo"] {lao-s, period-of-use, [[1500 - ]]} {lao-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm"} writing-direction(lao-s : script, ltr : direction) spoken-in(lao-l, laos : region) written-in(lao-l, lao-s : script) belongs-to(lao-s : containee, se-asian : container) derived-from(lao-s : successor, sukhothai : predecessor) [shong-lue-lang : person = "Shong Lue Lang"; "Lang, Shong Lue"] [pahawh-hmong : script = "Pahawh Hmong" = "Miao"] [hmong : language = "Hmong"] written-in(hmong, latin-s : script) written-in(hmong, pahawh-hmong : script) written-in(hmong, thai-s : script) written-in(hmong, chinese-s : script) created-by(shong-lue-lang : creator, pahawh-hmong : creation) spoken-in(hmong, thailand : region) spoken-in(hmong, laos : region) spoken-in(hmong, vietnam : region) writing-direction(pahawh-hmong : script, ltr : direction) {pahawh-hmong, number-of-characters, [[164]]} {pahawh-hmong, period-of-use, [[1959 - ]]} {pahawh-hmong, description, [[Pahawh Hmong is an unusual script for several reasons. Typologically it is something of an oddity, being abugida-like, but with vowels as the primary symbols, rather than the consonants. Historically, it has been associated with a messianic movement among the Hmong people.]]} [malaysia : country = "Malaysia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#MY"] [malay : language = "Malay" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ms"] written-in(malay, latin-s : script) written-in(malay, arabic-s : script) spoken-in(malay, malaysia : region) spoken-in(punjabi, malaysia : region) spoken-in(english, malaysia : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, malaysia : region) spoken-in(tamil-l, malaysia : region) [singapore : country = "Singapore" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#SG"] spoken-in(malay, singapore : region) spoken-in(english, singapore : region) spoken-in(tamil-l, singapore : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, singapore : region) [sukhothai : abugida = "Sukhothai"] {sukhothai, period-of-use, [[1300 - 1500]]} belongs-to(se-asian : container, sukhothai : containee) derived-from(khmer-s : predecessor, sukhothai : successor) [thailand : country = "Thailand" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#TH"] [thai-l : language = "Thai language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#th"] [thai-s : abugida = "Thai script" @ "http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#thai"] {thai-l, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/la/thai.htm"} {thai-s, period-of-use, [[1500 - ]]} {thai-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/thai.htm"} {thai-s, article-about, "http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/host/thaiarc/thai/thaiwrt.htm"} {thai-s, site-using, "http://www.thai.net"} {thai-s, site-using, "http://www.dailynews.co.th"} {thai-s, site-using, "http://www.thairath.co.th"} writing-direction(thai-s : script, ltr : direction) derived-from(sukhothai : predecessor, thai-s : successor) belongs-to(se-asian : container, thai-s : containee) [lanna : abugida = "Lanna script"] [kam-mueang : language = "Kam Mueang" = "Northern Thai"] [tai-lue : alphabet = "Tai Lue" = "Xishuang Banna Dai" / pinyin = "Dehong Dai" / chinese-l] [miao : language = "Miao"] {tai-lue, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tailue.htm"} {kam-mueang, article-about, "http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/countries/Thai.html#NOD"} spoken-in(thai-l, thailand : region) spoken-in(miao, thailand : region) spoken-in(lao-l, thailand : region) spoken-in(shan, thailand : region) spoken-in(english, thailand : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, thailand : region) written-in(kam-mueang, lanna : script) written-in(lue, lanna : script) written-in(pali-l, thai-s : script) written-in(sanskrit, thai-s : script) written-in(thai-l, thai-s : script) derived-from(mon-s : predecessor, lanna : successor) derived-from(lanna : predecessor, tai-lue : successor) belongs-to(tai-lue : containee, se-asian : container) belongs-to(lanna : containee, se-asian : container) [champa : abugida = "Champa"] {champa, period-of-use, [[700 - 1200]]} derived-from(pallava : predecessor, champa : successor) belongs-to(se-asian : container, champa : containee) [vietnam : country = "Vietnam" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#VN"] [vietnamese : language = "Vietnamese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#vi"] [e-cham : language = "Eastern Cham"] [w-cham : language = "Western Cham"] [cham-s : abugida = "Cham" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#cham"] {vietnamese, site-about, "http://www.vnet.org/vanlangsj/mozilla/"} spoken-in(vietnamese, vietnam : region) spoken-in(e-cham, vietnam : region) spoken-in(w-cham, vietnam : region) written-in(vietnamese, latin-s : script) written-in(w-cham, arabic-s : script) written-in(w-cham, latin-s : script) written-in(e-cham, cham-s : script) written-in(e-cham, latin-s : script) derived-from(cham-s : successor, champa : predecessor) belongs-to(cham-s : containee, se-asian : container) [chu-nom : logosyllabary = "Chu-nôm"] {chu-nom, period-of-use, [[900 C.E. - 1950]]} {chu-nom, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chunom.htm"} {chu-nom, article-about, "http://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/writsys/writviet.html"} {chu-nom, article-about, "http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/vietnam/introduction/people_customer/language.htm"} {chu-nom, description, [[Chu-nôm was adapted from Chinese to write Vietnamese, in a period when Vietnam was ruled by the Chinese and where Chinese was the official language in the country. Chu-nôm retained the Chinese characters with ther original meanings, but adding a number of new specifically Vietnamese characters, although in many cases Chinese characters for the same concepts already existed.]]} written-in(vietnamese, chu-nom : script) derived-from(chinese-s : predecessor, chu-nom : successor) belongs-to(chu-nom : containee, sinitic : container) spoken-in([jarai : language = "Jarai"], vietnam : region) written-in(jarai, latin-s : script) {w-cham, article-about, "http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=CJA"} {e-cham, article-about, "http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=CJM"} {cham-s, article-about, "http://www.proel.org/alfabetos/cham.html"} {cham-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cham.htm"} /* Islands of south-east Asia */ [alibata : abugida = "Alibata" = "Baybayin" = "Tagalog"] {alibata, period-of-use, [[1000 - 1800]]} {alibata, site-about, "http://home.earthlink.net/~aswang/alibata/"} {alibata, article-about, "http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm"} {alibata, site-about, "http://www.eaglescorner.com/baybayin/"} {alibata, article-about, "http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/tagalog/tagalog.htm"} {alibata, forum, "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Alibata/"} written-in(tagalog-l, alibata : script) written-in(pangasinan, alibata : script) written-in(ilokano, alibata : script) derived-from(kawi : predecessor, alibata : successor) belongs-to(insular : container, alibata : containee) supports(unicode : supporter, alibata : supported) writing-direction(alibata : script, bu-ltr : direction) [philippines : country = "Philippines" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#PH"] [filipino : language = "Filipino"] [tagalog-l : language = "Tagalog language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#tl"] {tagalog-l, site-about, "http://www.ipl.org/youth/hello/tagalog.html"} [visayan : language = "Visayan"] [ilokano : language = "Ilokano"] [pangasinan : language = "Pangasinan"]/* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#pag"*/ spoken-in(english, philippines : region) spoken-in(spanish, philippines : region) spoken-in(filipino, philippines : region) spoken-in(visayan, philippines : region) spoken-in(ilokano, philippines : region) spoken-in(pangasinan, philippines : region) written-in(filipino, latin-s : script) written-in(visayan, latin-s : script) written-in(ilokano, latin-s : script) written-in(pangasinan, latin-s : script) [hanunoo-l : language = "Hanunoo"] [hanunoo-s : abugida = "Hanunoo" = "Mangyan"] {hanunoo-s, period-of-use, [[? - ]]} {hanunoo-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hanunoo.htm"} {hanunoo-s, article-about, "http://iloko.tripod.com/Hanunoo.html"} derived-from(kawi : predecessor, hanunoo-s : successor) belongs-to(hanunoo-s : containee, insular : container) written-in(hanunoo-s : script, hanunoo-l) spoken-in(hanunoo-l, philippines : region) /* island: mindoro */ supports(unicode : supporter, hanunoo-s : supported) writing-direction(hanunoo-s : script, variable : direction) [eskaya-l : language = "Eskaya"] [eskaya-s : syllabary = "Eskaya"] written-in(eskaya-s : script, eskaya-l) spoken-in(eskaya-l, philippines : region) {eskaya-s, article-about, "http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/mystery/eskaya.htm"} [buhid : abugida = "Buhid"] belongs-to(buhid : containee, insular : container) written-in(buhid : script, tagalog-l) derived-from(buhid : successor, kawi : predecessor) supports(unicode : supporter, buhid : supported) {buhid, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/buhid.htm"} [tagbanwa-s : abugida = "Tagbanwa"] [tagbanwa-l : language = "Tagbanwa" = "Apuruhuano"] belongs-to(tagbanwa-s : containee, insular : container) written-in(tagbanwa-s : script, tagbanwa-l) derived-from(tagbanwa-s : successor, kawi : predecessor) supports(unicode : supporter, tagbanwa-s : supported) spoken-in(tagbanwa-l, philippines : region) /* island: palawan */ writing-direction(tagbanwa-s : script, bu-ltr : direction) {tagbanwa-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tagbanwa.htm"} {tagbanwa-s, article-about, "http://isis.csuhayward.edu/cesmith/virtmus/Philippines/Peoples/Tagbanwa.htm"} [indonesia : country = "Indonesia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#ID"] [indonese : language = "Indonese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#id"] [javanese-l : language = "Javanese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#jw"] written-in(indonese, latin-s : script) spoken-in(indonese, indonesia : region) spoken-in(malay, indonesia : region) spoken-in(javanese-l, indonesia : region) spoken-in(english, indonesia : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, indonesia : region) [batak : abugida = "Batak"] {batak, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/batak.htm"} writing-direction(batak : script, ltr : direction) derived-from(kawi : predecessor, batak : successor) belongs-to(batak : containee, insular : container) written-in(batak : script, malay) written-in(batak : script, [toba : language = "Toba"]) written-in(batak : script, [dairi : language = "Dairi"]) written-in(batak : script, [asahan : language = "Asahan"]) written-in(batak : script, [mandailing : language = "Mandailing"]) written-in(batak : script, [simalungun : language = "Simalungun" = "Timur"]) written-in(batak : script, [angkola : language = "Angkola"]) spoken-in(toba, indonesia : region) spoken-in(dairi, indonesia : region) spoken-in(asahan, indonesia : region) spoken-in(mandailing, indonesia : region) spoken-in(simalungun, indonesia : region) spoken-in(angkola, indonesia : region) [rejang-l : language = "Rejang"] [rejang-s : abugida = "Rejang" = "Kaganga"] {rejang-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/redjang.htm"} derived-from(kawi : predecessor, rejang-s : successor) belongs-to(rejang-s : containee, insular : container) written-in(rejang-l, rejang-s : script) spoken-in(rejang-l, indonesia : region) [kawi : abugida = "Kawi" = "Old Javanese"] {kawi, period-of-use, [[750 - 1600]]} writing-direction(kawi : script, ltr : direction) written-in(javanese-l, kawi : script) belongs-to(kawi : containee, insular : container) derived-from(pallava : predecessor, kawi : successor) [javanese-s : abugida = "Javanese" = "Tjarakan" = "Carakan"] {javanese-s, period-of-use, [[1600 - ]]} {javanese-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm"} writing-direction(javanese-s : script, ltr : direction) written-in(javanese-l, javanese-s : script) belongs-to(javanese-s : containee, insular : container) derived-from(kawi : predecessor, javanese-s : successor) [bugis : language = "Bugis"] [mandar : language = "Mandar"] [makasarese-l : language = "Makasarese"] [makasarese-s : abugida = "Makasarese" = "Lontara" = "Buginese"] {makasarese-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lontara.htm"} belongs-to(makasarese-s : containee, insular : container) written-in(makasarese-l, makasarese-s : script) written-in(bugis, makasarese-s : script) written-in(mandar, makasarese-s : script) spoken-in(makasarese-l, indonesia : region) /* south sulawesi, bugis */ spoken-in(bugis, indonesia : region) /* south sulawesi, bugis */ spoken-in(mandar, indonesia : region) /* south sulawesi, bugis */ /* --- Far East --- */ [china : country = "China" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#CN"] [chinese-l : language = "Chinese language" = "Mandarin" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#zh"] [chinese-s : logosyllabary = "Chinese script" = "Hanzi" / chinese-l = "Kanji" / japanese = "Hanja" / korean = "Han ideographs" / iso-15924 = "漢字" / native-name @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#hani"] {chinese-l, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/LA/mandarin.htm"} {chinese-s, period-of-use, [[1200 B.C.E. - ]]} {chinese-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_chineset.html"} {chinese-s, site-about, "http://members.aol.com/writejapan/"} {chinese-s, site-about, "http://www.kanjisite.com/"} {chinese-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chinese.htm"} {chinese-s, article-about, "http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~otfried/Skipcode/"} {chinese-s, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/hao510/charfreq/"} {chinese-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/chinese.html"} {chinese-s, article-about, "http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/yingzi.htm"} {chinese-s, article-about, "http://zhongwen.com/"} [zhuyin : syllabary = "Zhuyin" = "Chu Yin" = "Bopomofo" / iso-15924 @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#bopo"] {zhuyin, period-of-use, [[1913 - ]]} [manchu : language = "Manchu"] [tai : language = "Tai"] [moso : language = "Moso"] /* FIXME! */ [yao : language = "Yao"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#yao" */ written-in(chinese-l, chinese-s : script) written-in(chinese-l, zhuyin : script) spoken-in(korean, china : region) spoken-in(manchu, china : region) belongs-to(sinitic : container, chinese-s : containee) [pinyin : transcription = "Pinyin"] {pinyin, site-about, "http://www.uiowa.edu/~chinese/pinyin/"} {pinyin, article-about, "http://www.wwli.com/languages/zhongwen/lesson01/pinyin.html"} {pinyin, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chinese2.htm#pinyin"} transforms-from(pinyin : method, chinese-l : source) transforms-to(pinyin : method, latin-s : target) [wade-giles : transcription = "Wade-Giles"] {wade-giles, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chinese2.htm#wg"} {wade-giles, description, [[Previously the most-used transliteration from Chinese to latin script, Wade-Giles has now largely been superseded by Pinyin.]]} transforms-from(wade-giles : method, chinese-l : source) transforms-to(wade-giles : method, latin-s : target) [yunnan : province = "Yunnan"] [lue : language = "Lue" = "Tai Lue" = "Bayi"] {lue, article-about, "http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/countries/Chin.html#KHB"} part-of(yunnan : containee, china : container) spoken-in(lue, yunnan : region) spoken-in(tai, yunnan : region) spoken-in(moso, yunnan : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, yunnan : region) written-in(lue, tai-lue : script) [hunan : province = "Hunan"] part-of(hunan : containee, china : container) [nushu : logosyllabary = "Nushu"] {nushu, number-of-characters, [[At least 2000]]} {nushu, site-about, "http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~orie/"} {nushu, article-about, "http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/back_issues/nushu2.html"} {nushu, article-about, "http://members.aol.com/jiangyong/Nushu.html"} {nushu, article-about, "http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200204/18/eng20020418_94249.shtml"} {nushu, article-about, "http://www.chinavoc.com/life/focus/wmbook.asp"} {nushu, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/nushu.html"} {nushu, article-about, "http://www.fortwayne.com/mld/journalgazette/2002/04/28/news/3150919.htm"} {nushu, article-about, "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A552-2004Feb23.html"} {nushu, description, [[A script developed by women and only used by women, in a small area of the Chinese province Hunan. The language written is the local dialect, but the script is an ideographic script. It is used by women to write letters, for decoration on fans and scarves, and for diaries. It seems quite clearly to have been a reaction to male oppression.]]} writing-direction(nushu : script, tb-rtl : direction) belongs-to(sinitic : container, nushu : containee) [kwangtung : province = "Kwangtung" / wade-giles = "Guangdong"] {kwangtung, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"} part-of(kwangtung : containee, china : container) spoken-in(miao, kwangtung : region) spoken-in(yao, kwangtung : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, kwangtung : region) [hongkong : province = "Hong Kong"] part-of(hongkong : containee, china : container) spoken-in(chinese-l, hongkong : region) spoken-in(english, hongkong : region) [inner-mongolia : province = "Inner Mongolia"] part-of(inner-mongolia : containee, china : container) spoken-in(mongolian-l, inner-mongolia : region) [kwangsi : province = "Kwangsi" / wade-giles = "Guangxi"] [chuang : language = "Chuang" / wade-giles = "Zhuang"] part-of(kwangsi : containee, china : container) written-in(chuang, latin-s : script) spoken-in(chuang, kwangsi : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, kwangsi : region) [ningsia : province = "Ningsia" / wade-giles = "Ningxia"] part-of(ningsia : containee, china : container) spoken-in(chinese-l, ningsia : region) [sinkiang : province = "Sinkiang" / wade-giles = "Xinjiang"] [uighur : language = "Uighur" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ug"] part-of(sinkiang : containee, china : container) written-in(uighur, arabic-s : script) written-in(uighur, latin-s : script) written-in(kazakh, latin-s : script) spoken-in(uighur, sinkiang : region) spoken-in(kazakh, sinkiang : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, sinkiang : region) [tibet : province = "Tibet"] [tibetan-l : language = "Tibetan language" = "དབུ་ཅན་" / native-name @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#bo"] [tibetan-s : abugida = "Tibetan script" = "Dbu can" / tibetan-l @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#tibt"] {tibetan-s, period-of-use, [[700 C.E. -]]} {tibetan-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tibetan.htm"} {tibetan-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/tibetan.html"} {tibetan-s, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/9594/tibet.html"} writing-direction(tibetan-s : script, ltr : direction) part-of(tibet : containee, china : container) written-in(tibetan-l, tibetan-s : script) spoken-in(tibetan-l, tibet : region) spoken-in(chinese-l, tibet : region) belongs-to(north-indic : container, tibetan-s : containee) [phyag : person = "Raja Phyag-rdor-rnam-rgyal"] [lepcha-l : language = "Lepcha"] [lepcha-s : abugida = "Lepcha" = "Rong"] {lepcha-s, period-of-use, [[1720 -]]} {lepcha-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lepcha.htm"} writing-direction(lepcha-s : script, tb-rtl : direction) derived-from(tibetan-s : predecessor, lepcha-s : successor) created-by(lepcha-s : creation, phyag : creator) belongs-to(north-indic : container, lepcha-s : containee) written-in(lepcha-s : script, lepcha-l) spoken-in(lepcha-l, sikkim : region) spoken-in(lepcha-l, bhutan : region) spoken-in(lepcha-l, nepal : region) [phags-pa-blo : person = "'Phags pa Blo gros rgyal mtshan"; "Phags pa Blo gros rgyal mtshan"] [phags-pa : abugida = "'Phags pa"; "Phags pa"] {phags-pa, period-of-use, [[1269 - 1350]]} {phags-pa, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/phagspa.htm"} derived-from(tibetan-s : predecessor, phags-pa : successor) created-by(phags-pa : creation, phags-pa-blo : creator) belongs-to(north-indic : container, phags-pa : containee) writing-direction(phags-pa : script, tb-ltr : direction) [tangut-s : logosyllabary = "Xi Xia" = "Tangut"] {tangut-s, period-of-use, [[1036 - 1550]]} {tangut-s, article-about, "http://www.iias.nl/host/himalaya/individ/tangut.html"} belongs-to(tangut-s : containee, sinitic : container) derived-from(tangut-s : successor, chinese-s : predecessor) [kitan-l : logosyllabary = "Kitan large script"] {kitan-l, period-of-use, [[920 - 1191]]} {kitan-l, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/khitan.html"} derived-from(chinese-s : predecessor, kitan-l : successor) belongs-to(kitan-l : containee, sinitic : container) [kitan-s : logosyllabary = "Kitan small script"] {kitan-s, period-of-use, [[925 - 1191]]} {kitan-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/khitan.html"} belongs-to(kitan-s : containee, sinitic : container) [xiyin : person = "Wanyan Xiyin"] [jurchin-l : language = "Jurchin"] [jurchin-s : logosyllabary = "Jurchin script"] {jurchin-s, period-of-use, [[1120 - ]]} {jurchin-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/jurchen.html"} belongs-to(jurchin-s : containee, sinitic : container) created-by(jurchin-s : creation, xiyin : creator) derived-from(chinese-s : predecessor, jurchin-s : successor) [yi-l : language = "Yi" = "Lolo" / other-name] {yi-l, article-about, "http://www.worldlanguage.com/Languages/Yi.htm"} spoken-in(yunnan : region, yi-l) [yi : logosyllabary = "Yi" = "Cuan script" = "Wei writing" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#yiii"] {yi, period-of-use, [[1500? - ]]} {yi, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/yi.html"} {yi, article-about, "http://www.agfamonotype.com/presentations/iuc-17-km/Yi/st-1.htm"} {yi, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/yi.htm"} belongs-to(yi : containee, sinitic : container) written-in(yi : script, yi-l) [western-hmong : language = "Western Hmong" = "A-Hmao" = "Hwa Miao"] {western-hmong, article-about, "http://www.worldlanguage.com/Languages/Miao.htm"} [pollard : person = "Samuel Pollard"; "Pollard, Samuel"] [pollard-s : script = "Pollard script"] {pollard-s, period-of-use, [[1905 -]]} {pollard-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pollardmiao.htm"} {pollard-s, tutorial, "http://www.archives.ecs.soton.ac.uk/miao/pronunciation/soundssymbols.pdf"} /* Everson and Cowan claim this is an alphabet. Daniels objects for reasons that are utterly obscure */ writing-direction(pollard-s : script, ltr : direction) spoken-in(western-hmong, yunnan : region) spoken-in(western-hmong, hunan : region) written-in(western-hmong, pollard-s) created-by(pollard-s : creation, pollard : creator) [lisu : language = "Lisu"] [fraser-s : script = "Fraser script"] [fraser : person = "J.O. Fraser"; "Fraser, J.O."] {lisu, article-about, "http://www.chinatown-online.co.uk/pages/culture/ethnic/lisu.html"} spoken-in(lisu, yunnan : region) written-in(lisu, fraser-s) created-by(fraser-s : creation, fraser : creator) [tai-le-l : language = "Tai Le" = "Dehong Dai" / chinese-l = "Chinese Shan" = "Tai Nua" = "Tai Kong"] [tai-le-s : abugida = "Tai Le" = "Liek" = "Dehong"] {tai-le-s, period-of-use, [[1250 B.C.E. - ]]} {tai-le-s, article-about, "http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2372.pdf"} {tai-le-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tainua.htm"} {tai-le-l, article-about, "http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=TDD"} writing-direction(tai-le-s : script, ltr : direction) written-in(tai-le-l : language, tai-le-s : script) spoken-in(tai-le-l, laos : region) spoken-in(tai-le-l, burma : region) spoken-in(tai-le-l, china : region) [mongolia : country = "Mongolia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#MN"] [mongolian-l : language = "Mongolian" = "Khalkha" / mongolian-l @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#mn"] [mongolian-s : alphabet = "Mongolian script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#mong"] {mongolian-s, article-about, "http://members.aol.com/yikhmongol/monls.htm"} {mongolian-s, period-of-use, [[1204 -]]} {mongolian-l, article-about, "http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/language.htm"} {mongolian-l, article-about, "http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Jta/Idx/MoIndexLAN1.htm"} {mongolian-l, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm"} {mongolian-s, tutorial, "http://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/research/UighurScript.html"} writing-direction(mongolian-s : script, tb-ltr : direction) written-in(mongolian-l, mongolian-s : script) written-in(mongolian-l, cyrillic : script) derived-from(mongolian-s : successor, uighur-s : predecessor) spoken-in(mongolian-l, mongolia : region) [kalmyk : language = "Kalmyk"] [oirat : language = "Oirat"] [dalai : person = "Zaya Pandita Oktorguin Dalai"] [clear : alphabet = "Mongolian clear script"] {clear, period-of-use, [[1648 - ]]} created-by(clear : creation, dalai : creator) derived-from(mongolian-s : predecessor, clear : successor) written-in(oirat, clear : script) written-in(kalmyk, clear : script) writing-direction(clear : script, tb-ltr : direction) [evenki : language = "Evenki"] written-in(evenki, mongolian-s : script) spoken-in(evenki, inner-mongolia : region) [erdeni-bakshi : person = "Erdeni Bakshi"; "Bakshi, Erdeni"] [manchu-s : alphabet = "Manchu"] {manchu-s, period-of-use, [[1600 - ]]} derived-from(mongolian-s : predecessor, manchu-s : successor) written-in(manchu-s : script, manchu) writing-direction(manchu-s : script, tb-ltr : direction) [vagindra : person = "Agwaan Dorzhiev" = "Vagindra"] [tsyben : person = "Tsyben Zhamtsarano"; "Zhamtsarano, Tsyben"] [buryat-l : language = "Buryat"] [buryat-s : alphabet = "Buryat"] {buryat-s, period-of-use, [[1905 - 1920]]} created-by(buryat-s : creation, tsyben : creator, vagindra : creator) derived-from(clear : predecessor, buryat-s : successor) written-in(buryat-l, buryat-s : script) writing-direction(buryat-s : script, tb-ltr : direction) [manyoogana : syllabary = "Man'yoogana"] {manyoogana, period-of-use, [[600 - 1200]]} {manyoogana, description, [[When the Japanese started using the Chinese characters to write their language, they needed to be able to write not just complete words, but also sounds (particularly for inflections). For this purpose they used a set of Chinese characters which were used for their sound, rather than for their meaning. This set of characters is the man'yoogana.]]} belongs-to(sinitic : container, manyoogana : containee) derived-from(chinese-s : predecessor, manyoogana : successor) [japan : country = "Japan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#JP"] {japan, site-about, "http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.html"} [japanese : language = "Japanese" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ja"] [hiragana : syllabary = "Hiragana" = "ひらがな" / native-name @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#hira"] {hiragana, period-of-use, [[1200 - ]]} {hiragana, number-of-characters, [[46]]} {hiragana, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/japanese.htm"} {hiragana, site-about, "http://members.aol.com/writejapan/"} {hiragana, tutorial, "http://www.zompist.com/flash.html"} {hiragana, article-about, "http://okayama.cool.ne.jp/monjo/hentaigana.htm"} / japanese {hiragana, description, [[Hiragana is used to write the grammatical parts of sentences, especially inflections, where the Chinese characters are used to write the word stem, and the inflected ending is then added in hiragana. The characters themselves are derived from Chinese characters, through extraction of part of the Chinese character. The current collection of 46 characters was fixed by a regulation from the Ministry of Education in 1900. The hiragana (and katakana) characters that were rejected in this reform are today known as hentaigana.]]} /* Kuukai (774-835) is also, incorrectly, traditionally regarded as the creator of hiragana. */ [katakana : syllabary = "Katakana" = "\u30AB\u30BF\u30AB\u30CA" / native-name @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#kana"] {katakana, period-of-use, [[1200 - ]]} {katakana, number-of-characters, [[46]]} {katakana, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/japanese.htm"} {katakana, site-about, "http://members.aol.com/writejapan/"} {katakana, description, [[Katakana is used to write foreign names, loanwords, onomatopoeic words, exclamations, and some specialized scientific terminology. The characters themselves are derived from Chinese characters, through extraction of part of the Chinese character. The current collection of 46 characters was fixed by a regulation from the Ministry of Education in 1900. The katakana (and hiragana) characters that were rejected in this reform are today known as hentaigana.]]} spoken-in(japanese, japan : region) written-in(japanese, chinese-s : script) written-in(japanese, hiragana : script) written-in(japanese, katakana : script) belongs-to(sinitic : container, katakana : containee) belongs-to(sinitic : container, hiragana : containee) derived-from(manyoogana : predecessor, katakana : successor) derived-from(manyoogana : predecessor, hiragana : successor) [jindai : syllabary = "Jindai Moji"] {jindai, description, [[A fictional writing system invented by Japanese nationalists in the 1930s as a historical hoax in order to be able to claim that the Japanese did not get their writing system from the Chinese, but actually invented a writing system of their own.]]} belongs-to(conscript : container, jindai : containee) [ainu : language = "Ainu"] {ainu, site-about, "http://ramat.ram.ne.jp/ainu/"} {ainu, article-about, "http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/fourth_world/22057"} spoken-in(ainu, japan : region) [north-korea : country = "North Korea" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#KP"] [south-korea : country = "South Korea" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#KR"] [korean : language = "Korean" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ko"] [seycong : person = "King Sejong"; "Sejong, King"] [hangul : featural = "Hangul" = "Hankul" = "Cosenkul" / north-korea = "한글" / native-name @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#hang"] {korean, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/la/korean.htm"} {korean, article-about, "http://langintro.com/kintro/"} {hangul, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/korean.htm"} {hangul, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/korean.html"} {hangul, article-about, "http://www.usu.edu/~anthro/origins_of_writing/invented_alphabets/#korean"} {hangul, article-about, "http://www.sigmainstitute.com/koreanonline/hangul_history.shtml"} {hangul, article-about, "http://korea.insights.co.kr/korean/sejong600/english/hangul.html"} {hangul, site-using, "http://www.daum.net"} {hangul, site-using, "http://www.microsoft.com/korea/"} {hangul, site-using, "http://www.naver.com"} {hangul, site-about, "http://myhome.shinbiro.com/~geston/hangul/english/eng1.html"} {hangul, period-of-use, [[1444 - ]]} created-by(hangul : creation, seycong : creator) spoken-in(korean, north-korea : region) spoken-in(korean, south-korea : region) written-in(korean, hangul : script) written-in(korean, chinese-s : script) belongs-to(sinitic : container, hangul : containee) [korean-yale : transliteration = "Korean Yale romanization"] transforms-from(korean-yale : method, hangul : source) transforms-to(korean-yale : method, latin-s : target) {korean-yale, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Romanization#Korean"} {korean-yale, description, [[Developed during WWII by Samuel E. Martin at Yale University together with colleagues for use by American soldiers. Today it is rarely used, and primarily by linguists.]]} [mccune-reischauer : transcription = "McCune-Reischauer"] transforms-from(mccune-reischauer : method, korean : source) transforms-to(mccune-reischauer : method, latin-s : target) {mccune-reischauer, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer"} {mccune-reischauer, description, [[Developed in 1937 by two Americans. Was the official romanization system in South Korea until 2000 (at which point the revised system was adopted), but is still used in the West and in North Korea.]]} [revised-korean : transcription = "Revised Romanization of Korean"] transforms-from(revised-korean : method, korean : source) transforms-to(revised-korean : method, latin-s : target) {revised-korean, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"} {revised-korean, description, [[Developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language and adopted in 2000 as the official romanization system of South Korea. Similar to McCune-Reischauer, but more faithfully represents sound changes in consonants.]]} [taiwan : country = "Taiwan" = "Republic of China" / official-name @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#TW"] spoken-in(chinese-l, taiwan : region) spoken-in(english, taiwan : region) /* --- Europe --- */ [cretan-hiero : logosyllabary = "Cretan hieroglyhpic"] {cretan-hiero, period-of-use, [[1750 B.C.E. - 1600 B.C.E.]]} [gsmith : person = "George Smith"; "Smith, George"] [schmidt : person = "Moriz Schmidt"; "Schmidt, Moriz"] [cypriote : syllabary = "Cypriote syllabary" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#cprt"] {cypriote, period-of-use, [[800 B.C.E. - 200 B.C.E.]]} {cypriote, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/cypriot.html"} deciphered-by(cypriote : script, gsmith, schmidt) derived-from(cypriote : successor, linear-b : predecessor) written-in(greek-l, cypriote : script) [cypro-minoan : logosyllabary = "Cypro-minoan" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#cpmn"] {cypro-minoan, period-of-use, [[1500 B.C.E. - 1200 B.C.E.]]} [ventris : person = "Michael Ventris"; "Ventris, Michael"] {ventris, biography, "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0500510776"} [kober : person = "Alice Kober"; "Kober, Alice"] [linear-b : logosyllabary = "Linear B" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#linb"] {linear-b, period-of-use, [[1550 B.C.E. - 1200 B.C.E.]]} {linear-b, article-about, "http://www.kairatos.com.gr/linear1.htm"} {linear-b, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/4423/linearb.html"} {linear-b, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/linearb.html"} {linear-b, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/linearb.htm"} deciphered-by(linear-b : script, kober, ventris) derived-from(linear-b : successor, linear-a : predecessor) [linear-a : logosyllabary = "Linear A" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#lina"] {linear-a, period-of-use, [[1800 B.C.E. - 1450 B.C.E.]]} {linear-a, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/lineara.html"} writing-direction(linear-a : script, ltr : direction) [camunic : language = "Camunic"] [etruscan-l : language = "Etruscan"] {etruscan-l, article-about, "http://centime.tripod.com/Etruscans/language.html"} {etruscan-l, article-about, "http://members.nbci.com/Pdictus/etrlang.html"} [volscian : language = "Volscian"] [venetic : language = "Venetic"] [umbrian : language = "Umbrian"] {umbrian, article-about, "http://tied.narod.ru/tree/ital/umbrian.html"} {umbrian, article-about, "http://indoeuro.bizland.com/tree/ital/umbrian.html"} {umbrian, article-about, "http://members.tripod.com/babaev/tree/umbrian.html"} [oscan : language = "Oscan"] {oscan, article-about, "http://tied.narod.ru/tree/ital/oscan.html"} {oscan, article-about, "http://indoeuro.bizland.com/tree/ital/oscan.html"} {oscan, article-about, "http://space.tin.it/io/davmonac/sanniti/smliny.html"} [etruscan-s : alphabet = "Etruscan script"] {etruscan-s, period-of-use, [[700 B.C.E. - 100 B.C.E.]]} {etruscan-s, article-about, "http://tied.narod.ru/project/script/itali.html"} {etruscan-s, test-page, "http://www.geocities.com/i18nguy/unicode-example-plane1.html"} belongs-to(greek-f : container, etruscan-s : containee) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, etruscan-s : successor) written-in(etruscan-s : script, etruscan-l) written-in(etruscan-s : script, umbrian) written-in(etruscan-s : script, oscan) written-in(etruscan-s : script, camunic) written-in(etruscan-s : script, volscian) written-in(etruscan-s : script, venetic) [celtiberian : language = "Celtiberian"] {celtiberian, description, [[The language of an ancient, possibly Celtic, people that lived in northern Spain in the last few centuries BC. The language is known from a small number of partially-understood inscriptions in the Roman alphabet, and in Iberian syllabic script, from c.300-100 BC.]]} written-in(celtiberian, latin-s : script) [iberian : language = "Iberian"] [north-iberian : syllabary = "Northeast Iberian"] {north-iberian, period-of-use, [[200 B.C.E. - ?]]} [south-iberian : syllabary = "South Iberian" = "South Lusitanian" / other-name = "Tartessian" / other-name] {south-iberian, period-of-use, [[600 B.C.E? - ?]]} belongs-to(north-semitic : container, north-iberian : containee) belongs-to(north-semitic : container, south-iberian : containee) written-in(south-iberian : script, iberian) written-in(north-iberian : script, iberian) written-in(north-iberian : script, celtiberian) written-in(greek-s : script, iberian) written-in(latin-s : script, iberian) writing-direction(north-iberian : script, ltr : direction) writing-direction(south-iberian : script, rtl : direction) {iberian, description, [[Language(s) spoken by the tribe of the (H)iberi parts of Spain and Portugal in the two first millennia B.C.E.. The language(s) is not Indo-European, and is not understood.]]} {north-iberian, description, [[This script seems to have been derived from the South Iberian script, although this is not known for certain. It is partly alphabetic and partly syllabic. It is relatively sparsely attested.]]} {south-iberian, description, [[The script is partly alphabetic and partly syllabic, and its ancestry is unknown, though clearly Greek or Semitic. It is older than North Iberian, which may have been derived from it, and also more sparsely attested.]]} {iberian, article-about, "http://www.webpersonal.net/jrr/index.htm"} {north-iberian, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/iberian.htm"} {south-iberian, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/iberian.htm"} [wulfila : person = "Wulfila"] [gothic-l : language = "Gothic"] [gothic-s : alphabet = "Gothic script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#goth"] {gothic-s, period-of-use, [[400 C.E. - 500 C.E.]]} {gothic-s, test-page, "http://home.att.net/~jameskass/gothictest.htm"} writing-direction(gothic-s : script, ltr : direction) created-by(gothic-s : creation, wulfila : creator) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, gothic-s : successor) belongs-to(greek-f : container, gothic-s : containee) written-in(gothic-s : script, gothic-l) [runic : alphabet = "Runic" = "Futhark" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#runr"] {runic, period-of-use, [[50 C.E. - 1400 C.E.]]} {runic, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/futhark.html"} {runic, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm"} {runic, number-of-characters, [[24]]} {runic, description, [[The origin of the Futhark is uncertain. It may have been Latin, but it may also have been one of the other Italic scripts. The Futhark was first used in Denmark and Northern Germany and spread from there into Scandinavia and to the British Isles.]]} belongs-to(greek-f : container, runic : containee) writing-direction(runic : script, variable : direction) [ogham : alphabet = "Ogham" = "Beithe-luis-nin" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#ogam"] {ogham, period-of-use, [[400 C.E. - 600 C.E.]]} {ogham, site-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/og/ogmharc.html"} {ogham, article-about, "http://members.aol.com/plieadesqu/ogham.htm"} {ogham, article-about, "http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Ogham"} {ogham, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ogham.htm"} belongs-to(greek-f : container, ogham : containee) writing-direction(ogham : script, upwards-boustrophedon : direction) [uk : country = "United Kingdom" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#GB"] [english : language = "English" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#en"] {english, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/LA/english.htm"} {english, article-about, "http://www.krysstal.com/english.html"} [latin-s : alphabet = "Latin script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#latn"] {latin-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/latin.htm"} {latin-s, article-about, "http://www.sprakrad.no/snytt014.htm#torp"}/ norwegian {latin-s, article-about, "http://www.sprakrad.no/snytt021.htm#torp"}/ norwegian {latin-s, description, [[This is the script you are reading right now, the script used for English, and by far the most widespread script in the world today. The rise of printing and later computing made Latin even more important.]]} spoken-in(english, uk : region) written-in(english, latin-s : script) belongs-to(greek-f : container, latin-s : containee) derived-from(etruscan-s : predecessor, latin-s : successor) writing-direction(latin-s : script, ltr : direction) [germany : country = "Germany" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#DE"] [german : language = "German" = "Deutsch" / native-name @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#de"] {german, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/LA/german.htm"} spoken-in(german, germany : region) written-in(german, latin-s : script) [france : country = "France"] [french : language = "French"] {french, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/LA/french.htm"} spoken-in(french, france : region) written-in(french, latin-s : script) [norway : country = "Norway"] [norwegian : language = "Norwegian"] spoken-in(norwegian, norway : region) written-in(norwegian, latin-s : script) [denmark : country = "Denmark"] [danish : language = "Danish"] spoken-in(danish, denmark : region) written-in(danish, latin-s : script) [sweden : country = "Sweden"] [swedish : language = "Swedish"] spoken-in(swedish, sweden : region) written-in(swedish, latin-s : script) [croatian : language = "Croatian" = "Serbian" = "Bosnian" = "Serbo-croatian"] [glagolithic : alphabet = "Glagolithic" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#glag"] {glagolithic, period-of-use, [[850 C.E. - 1900 C.E.]]} {glagolithic, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/glagolitic.html"} writing-direction(glagolithic : script, ltr : direction) written-in(glagolithic : script, croatian) written-in(cyrillic : script, croatian) written-in(latin-s : script, croatian) belongs-to(greek-f : container, glagolithic : containee) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, glagolithic : successor) [slovakia : country = "Slovakia"] [slovak : language = "Slovak"] {slovak, article-about, "http://www.whizkidtech.net/ISO-8859-2/sk.html"} spoken-in(slovak, slovakia : region) written-in(slovak, latin-s : script) [russia : country = "Russia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#RU"] [russian : language = "Russian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ru"] {russian, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/LA/russian.htm"} [st-cyril : person = "St. Cyril" = "Constantine" / other-name] [cyrillic : alphabet = "Cyrillic" = "Кириллица" / native-name @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#cyrl"] {cyrillic, period-of-use, [[900 C.E. - ]]} {cyrillic, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm"} {cyrillic, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_cyrillic.html"} {cyrillic, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/cyrillic.html"} {cyrillic, article-about, "http://www.terena.nl/projects/multiling/euroml/mlcs5-cyr.txt"} {cyrillic, site-about, "http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/katmandu/sgman/sltrans.html"} {cyrillic, article-about, "http://www.omda.bg/engl/history/kiril&meth.html"} {cyrillic, description, [[Cyrillic is essentially an adaptation of the Greek alphabet to the Slavic lanuages by the missionary monk St. Cyril, after whom it is named.]]} writing-direction(cyrillic : script, ltr : direction) spoken-in(russian, russia : region) spoken-in(yiddish, russia : region) written-in(russian, cyrillic : script) belongs-to(greek-f : container, cyrillic : containee) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, cyrillic : successor) created-by(st-cyril : creator, cyrillic : creation) [ukraine : country = "Ukraine" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#UK"] [ukrainian : language = "Ukrainian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#uk"] spoken-in(ukrainian, ukraine : region) written-in(ukrainian, cyrillic : script) [bulgaria : country = "Bulgaria" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#BG"] [bulgarian : language = "Bulgarian" = "Macedonian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#bg"] spoken-in(bulgarian, bulgaria : region) written-in(bulgarian, cyrillic : script) [macedonia : country = "Macedonia"] spoken-in(bulgarian, macedonia : region) spoken-in(albanian, macedonia : region) {bulgarian, article-about, "http://abvg.net/Cyrillic/"} {bulgarian, article-about, "http://www.kirildouhalov.net/language/alphabet.html"} [slovio : transliteration = "Slovio"] {slovio, article-about, "http://www.slovio.com/ru/"} {slovio, description, [[A transliteration used to transliterate from Russian and Bulgarian written in Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet.]]} transforms-from(slovio : method, cyrillic : source) transforms-to(slovio : method, latin-s : target) [rumania : country = "Romania" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#RO"] [rumanian : language = "Rumanian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ro"] spoken-in(rumanian, rumania : region) written-in(rumanian, latin-s : script) [spain : country = "Spain" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#ES"] [spanish : language = "Spanish" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#es"] {spanish, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/LA/spanish.htm"} spoken-in(spanish, spain : region) written-in(spanish, latin-s : script) [portugal : country = "Portugal" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#PT"] spoken-in(portuguese, portugal : region) written-in(portuguese, latin-s : script) [italy : country = "Italy" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#IT"] [italian : language = "Italian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#it"] {italian, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/LA/italian.htm"} spoken-in(italian, italy : region) written-in(italian, latin-s : script) [finland : country = "Finland" = "Suomi" / finnish @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#FI"] [finnish : language = "Finnish" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#fi"] {finnish, article-about, "http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/LA/la/finnish.htm"} spoken-in(finnish, finland : region) written-in(finnish, latin-s : script) [belorussia : country = "Belorussia" = "White Russia" = "Belarus" / iso-3166 @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#BY"] [belorussian : language = "Belorussian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#be"] spoken-in(belorussian, belorussia : region) written-in(belorussian, cyrillic : script) [estonia : country = "Estonia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#EE"] [estonian : language = "Estonian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#et"] spoken-in(estonian, estonia : region) written-in(estonian, latin-s : script) [latvia : country = "Latvia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#LV"] [latvian : language = "Latvian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#lv"] spoken-in(latvian, latvia : region) written-in(latvian, latin-s : script) [hungary : country = "Hungary"] [hungarian : language = "Hungarian"] [rovasiras : alphabet = "Hungarian runes" = "Rovasiras"] {rovasiras, period-of-use, [[800 - 1850]]} {rovasiras, site-about, "http://fang.fa.gau.hu/~heves/runic.html"} {rovasiras, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hungarian_runes.htm"} {rovasiras, article-about, "http://www.interlog.com/~photodsk/magyar/rovas/rovaseng.html"} writing-direction(rovasiras : script, rtl : direction) written-in(hungarian : language, rovasiras : script) derived-from(orkhon : predecessor, rovasiras : successor) spoken-in(hungarian, hungary : region) written-in(hungarian : language, latin-s : script) [lithuania : country = "Lithuania" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#LT"] [lithuanian : language = "Lithuanian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#lt"] spoken-in(lithuanian, lithuania : region) written-in(lithuanian, latin-s : script) [moldavia : country = "Moldavia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#MD"] spoken-in(rumanian, moldavia : region) written-in(rumanian, cyrillic : script) [greece : country = "Greece" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#GR"] [greek-l : language = "Greek" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#el"] [greek-s : alphabet = "Greek" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#grek"] {greek-s, period-of-use, [[750 B.C.E. -]]} {greek-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/greek.htm"} {greek-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_greekm.html"} {greek-s, site-using, "http://www.bbc.co.uk/greek/"} {greek-s, description, [[Greek is the original alphabet, being developed from the Phoenician abjad. While abjads are well suited to Semitic languages like Phoenician they do not fit a language like Greek, which made the Greeks add vowel symbols to the Phoenician abjad, thus creating the first alphabet.]]} writing-direction(greek-s : script, ltr : direction) belongs-to(greek-f : container, greek-s : containee) derived-from(phoenician-s : predecessor, greek-s : successor) written-in(greek-l, greek-s : script) spoken-in(greek-l, greece : region) [maltese : language = "Maltese"] [malta : country = "Malta"] written-in(maltese, latin-s : script) spoken-in(maltese, malta : region) spoken-in(english, malta : region) [albania : country = "Albania"] [albanian : language = "Albanian"] spoken-in(albania : region, albanian : language) written-in(albanian : language, latin-s : script) /* today */ /* has been written with greek and arabic */ [elbasan : alphabet = "Elbasan"] {elbasan, period-of-use, [[~1750 - ?]]} {elbasan, description, [[Named after the city in Albania where it was used, Elbasan was briefly used to write Albanian, but never caught on widely.]]} {elbasan, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/albanian.htm"} written-in(albanian : language, elbasan : script) writing-direction(elbasan : script, ltr : direction) [beitha-kukju : alphabet = "Beitha Kukju"] {beitha-kukju, period-of-use, [[~1840 - ?]]} {beitha-kukju, description, [[Named after its inventor, Beitha Kukju is obviously much too cumbersome to have caught on very widely.]]} {beitha-kukju, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/albanian.htm"} written-in(albanian : language, beitha-kukju : script) writing-direction(beitha-kukju : script, ltr : direction) /* --- Middle East --- */ [proto-cuneiform : logosyllabary = "Proto-cuneiform"] [sumerian : language = "Sumerian"] [akkadian : language = "Akkadian"] {proto-cuneiform, article-about, "http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Uruk_Prototype/History"} {proto-cuneiform, site-about, "http://early-cuneiform.humnet.ucla.edu/"} {proto-cuneiform, period-of-use, [[3200 B.C.E. - 2500 B.C.E.]]} {sumerian, site-about, "http://www.sumerian.org/"} written-in(proto-cuneiform : script, sumerian) written-in(proto-cuneiform : script, akkadian) [sumerian-cuneiform : logosyllabary = "Sumero-akkadian cuneiform" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#xsux"] [elamite : language = "Elamite"] {sumerian-cuneiform, period-of-use, [[2500 B.C.E. - 100 C.E.]]} {sumerian-cuneiform, site-using, "http://www.sumerian.org/proverbs.htm"} {sumerian-cuneiform, site-about, "http://www.jhu.edu/ice/"} deciphered-by(edward-hincks, sumerian-cuneiform : script) derived-from(sumerian-cuneiform : successor, proto-cuneiform : predecessor) written-in(sumerian, sumerian-cuneiform : script) written-in(akkadian, sumerian-cuneiform : script) written-in(elamite, sumerian-cuneiform : script) [proto-elamite : logosyllabary = "Proto-Elamite"] {proto-elamite, period-of-use, [[3000 B.C.E. - 2500 B.C.E.]]} {proto-elamite, article-about, "http://i-cias.com/e.o/elam.htm"} {proto-elamite, article-about, "http://omniglot.com/writing/elamite.htm"} {proto-elamite, number-of-characters, [[1000]]} written-in(elamite, proto-elamite : script) [walter-hinz : person = "Walter Hinz"; "Hinz, Walter"] [elamite-s : syllabary = "Old Elamite"] {elamite-s, article-about, "http://omniglot.com/writing/elamite.htm"} {elamite-s, number-of-characters, [[80]]} {elamite-s, period-of-use, [[2250 B.C.E. - 2220 B.C.E.]]} written-in(elamite, elamite-s : script) derived-from(proto-elamite : predecessor, elamite-s : successor) writing-direction(proto-elamite : script, tb-ltr) deciphered-by(walter-hinz, proto-elamite : script) [elamite-cuneiform : logosyllabary = "Elamite cuneiform"] {elamite-cuneiform, article-about, "http://omniglot.com/writing/elamite.htm"} {elamite-cuneiform, number-of-characters, [[130]]} {elamite-cuneiform, period-of-use, [[2500 B.C.E. - 331 C.E.]]} written-in(elamite, elamite-cuneiform : script) derived-from(sumerian-cuneiform : predecessor, elamite-cuneiform : successor) /* PTD claims this is the "same cuneiform as all the others," whatever that might mean */ [hurrian : language = "Hurrian"] written-in(hurrian, sumerian-cuneiform : script) [urartian : language = "Urartian"] written-in(urartian, sumerian-cuneiform : script) [hittite : language = "Hittite"] written-in(hittite, sumerian-cuneiform : script) [hittite-hiero : logosyllabary = "Hittite hieroglyphics"] [luvian : language = "Luvian"] {hittite-hiero, article-about, "http://tied.narod.ru/project/script/luwia.html"} written-in(luvian, hittite-hiero : script) writing-direction(hittite-hiero : script, variable : direction) [northern-linear : abjad = "Northern Linear" = "Proto-Caananite"] {northern-linear, period-of-use, [[2000 B.C.E. - 1100 B.C.E.]]} writing-direction(northern-linear : script, rtl : direction) belongs-to(northern-linear : containee, north-semitic : container) [virolleaud : person = "Charles Virolleaud"; "Virolleaud, Charles"] [bauer : person = "Hans Bauer"; "Bauer, Hans"] [dhorme : person = "Édouard Dhorme"; "Dhorme, Edouard"] [ugaritic : abjad = "Ugaritic"] {ugaritic, period-of-use, [[1500 B.C.E. - 1200 B.C.E.]]} {ugaritic, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/ugaritic.html"} {ugaritic, article-about, "http://www.mazzaroth.com/ChapterThree/UgariticWriting.htm"} writing-direction(ugaritic : script, ltr : direction) derived-from(northern-linear : predecessor, ugaritic : successor) belongs-to(ugaritic : containee, north-semitic : container) deciphered-by(ugaritic : script, virolleaud, bauer, dhorme) [southern-linear : abjad = "Southern Linear"] {southern-linear, period-of-use, [[1200 B.C.E. - 600 B.C.E.]]} derived-from(northern-linear : predecessor, southern-linear : successor) belongs-to(southern-linear : containee, south-semitic : container) [wilhelm-gesenius : person = "Wilhelm Gesenius"; "Gesenius, Wilhelm"] [emil-rodiger : person = "Emil Rödiger"; "Rodiger, Emil"] [old-south-arabian : abjad = "Sabean/Minean script" = "Himyarite" = "Old South Arabian scripts"] {old-south-arabian, period-of-use, [[600 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.]]} {old-south-arabian, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/s_arabn.html"} belongs-to(old-south-arabian : containee, south-semitic : container) derived-from(southern-linear : predecessor, old-south-arabian : successor) writing-direction(old-south-arabian : script, variable : direction) deciphered-by(old-south-arabian : script, wilhelm-gesenius) deciphered-by(old-south-arabian : script, emil-rodiger) [old-north-arabic : abjad = "Old North Arabic scripts"] {old-north-arabic, period-of-use, [[600 B.C.E. - 400 C.E.]]} belongs-to(old-north-arabic : containee, south-semitic : container) derived-from(old-south-arabian : predecessor, old-north-arabic : successor) [phoenician-s : abjad = "Phoenician script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#phnx"] {phoenician-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/protocan.html"} {phoenician-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/phoenician.htm"} {phoenician-s, article-about, "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13709a.htm"} {phoenician-s, article-about, "http://www.good.co.uk/oneworld/AZphoenician.html"} {phoenician-s, period-of-use, [[1100 B.C.E. - 100 B.C.E.]]} derived-from(northern-linear : predecessor, phoenician-s : successor) belongs-to(north-semitic : container, phoenician-s : containee) [punic-s : abjad = "Punic script"] {punic-s, period-of-use, [[500 B.C.E. - 250 C.E.]]} derived-from(phoenician-s : predecessor, punic-s : successor) belongs-to(punic-s : containee, north-semitic : container) [hebrew-linear : abjad = "Hebrew linear"] {hebrew-linear, period-of-use, [[800 B.C.E. - 135 C.E.]]} derived-from(phoenician-s : predecessor, hebrew-linear : successor) belongs-to(hebrew-linear : containee, north-semitic : container) [samaritan : abjad = "Samaritan script"] {samaritan, period-of-use, [[50 B.C.E. - ]]} derived-from(hebrew-linear : predecessor, samaritan : successor) belongs-to(samaritan : containee, north-semitic : container) [aramaic-s : abjad = "Aramaic script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#aram"] [aramaic-l : language = "Aramaic"] [ammonite-l : language = "Ammonite"] {aramaic-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/aramaic.html"} {aramaic-s, period-of-use, [[750 B.C.E. - 250 B.C.E.]]} {aramaic-l, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"} written-in(aramaic-s : script, aramaic-l) written-in(aramaic-s : script, hebrew-l) written-in(aramaic-s : script, ammonite-l) derived-from(phoenician-s : predecessor, aramaic-s : successor) belongs-to(aramaic-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) [nabatean-s : abjad = "Nabatean script"] {nabatean-s, period-of-use, [[250 B.C.E. - 400 C.E.]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, nabatean-s : successor) belongs-to(nabatean-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) [barthelemy : person = "Abbé Jean-Jacques Barthélemy"] [palmyran-l : language = "Palmyrene"] [palmyran-s : abjad = "Palmyran script" = "Palmyrene"] {palmyran-s, period-of-use, [[250 B.C.E. - 250 C.E.]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, palmyran-s : successor) deciphered-by(palmyran-s : script, barthelemy) belongs-to(palmyran-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) written-in(palmyran-s : script, palmyran-l) [edessan-s : abjad = "Edessan script"] {edessan-s, period-of-use, [[250 B.C.E. - 250 C.E.]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, edessan-s : successor) belongs-to(edessan-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) [hatran-s : abjad = "Hatran script"] {hatran-s, period-of-use, [[250 B.C.E. - 150 C.E.]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, hatran-s : successor) belongs-to(hatran-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) [mandaic-s : abjad = "Mandaic script"] {mandaic-s, period-of-use, [[250 B.C.E. - ]]} {mandaic-s, number-of-characters, [[22]]} writing-direction(mandaic-s : script, rtl : direction) derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, mandaic-s : successor) belongs-to(mandaic-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) [elymaic-s : abjad = "Elymaic script"] {elymaic-s, period-of-use, [[250 B.C.E. - 500? C.E.]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, elymaic-s : successor) belongs-to(elymaic-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) [arabic-l : language = "Arabic language" = "Garshuni" / syriac-s @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ar"] {arabic-l, article-about, "http://www.al-bab.com/arab/language/lang.htm"} [arabic-s : abjad = "Arabic script" = "العربيه" / native-name @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#arab"] {arabic-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm"} {arabic-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_arabic.html"} {arabic-s, site-using, "http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/news/"} {arabic-s, site-using, "http://www.iraq.net"} {arabic-s, period-of-use, [[300 C.E. - ]]} writing-direction(arabic-s : script, rtl : direction) written-in(arabic-l, arabic-s : script) belongs-to(aramaic-f : container, arabic-s : containee) derived-from(nabatean-s : predecessor, arabic-s : successor) [buckwalter : transliteration = "The Buckwalter transliteration"] {buckwalter, article-about, "http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/buckwalter-about.html"} transforms-from(buckwalter : method, arabic-s : source) transforms-to(buckwalter : method, latin-s : target) [dmg : transliteration = "DMG" = "DIN 31635" = "ISO 233"] {dmg, description, [[The internationally recognised transliteration system accepted by the German Oriental Society (Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, or DMG). Proposed in 1935 in the famous "Denkschrift" to the International Congress of Orientalists.]]} {dmg, article-about, "http://www.eae.iwarp.com/trans.html"} {dmg, article-about, "http://www.orientasia.uni-bonn.de/orientalisierung/arab_trans.pdf"} transforms-from(dmg : method, arabic-s : source) transforms-to(dmg : method, latin-s : target) [ala-lc-arab : transliteration = "ALA-LC Arabic romanization"] {ala-lc-arab, description, [[The American Library Association/Library of Congress transliteration for Arabic.]]} {ala-lc-arab, tables-for, "http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf"} transforms-from(ala-lc-arab : method, arabic-s : source) transforms-to(ala-lc-arab : method, latin-s : target) [bs-4280 : transliteration = "BS 4280:1969(1983)"] transforms-from(bs-4280 : method, arabic-s : source) transforms-to(bs-4280 : method, latin-s : target) [afghanistan : country = "Afghanistan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#AF"] [pashto : language = "Pashto" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ps"] spoken-in(pashto, afghanistan : region) spoken-in(persian, afghanistan : region) written-in(pashto, arabic-s : script) [syriac-l : language = "Syriac"] [syriac-s : abjad = "Classical syriac"] {syriac-s, period-of-use, [[400 C.E. -]]} {syriac-s, number-of-characters, [[22]]} {syriac-s, article-about, "http://www.agfamonotype.co.uk/NonLatin/wt_info/info_syriac.html"} {syriac-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/syriac.htm"} writing-direction(syriac-s : script, rtl : direction) derived-from(edessan-s : predecessor, syriac-s : successor) belongs-to(syriac-s : containee, aramaic-f : container) written-in(syriac-l : language, syriac-s : script) [aramaic-m : language = "Modern Aramaic Koine"] spoken-in(aramaic-m, iran : region) [syriac-m : alphabet = "Modern syriac"] {syriac-m, number-of-characters, [[22]]} {syriac-m, period-of-use, [[1850 -]]} writing-direction(syriac-m : script, rtl : direction) derived-from(syriac-s : predecessor, syriac-m : successor) written-in(aramaic-m, syriac-m : script) belongs-to(syriac-m : containee, aramaic-f : container) [old-persian : language = "Old Persian"] {old-persian, article-about, "http://www.farvardyn.com/oldpersian.htm"} [edward-hincks : person = "Edward Hincks"; "Hincks, Edward"] [persian-cuneiform : syllabary = "Old Persian" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#xpeo"] /* According to Daniels this is "a mess" */ {persian-cuneiform, period-of-use, [[520 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.]]} {persian-cuneiform, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/opcuneiform.htm"} {persian-cuneiform, article-about, "http://tied.narod.ru/project/script/oldpe.html"} {persian-cuneiform, article-about, "http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~fsaber1/language/frameoldalphabet.html"} {persian-cuneiform, article-about, "http://finanz.math.tu-graz.ac.at/~kainhofer/rk_fonts/rkaf_oldpercunei.html"} {persian-cuneiform, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/oldpersian.html"} deciphered-by(edward-hincks, persian-cuneiform : script) writing-direction(persian-cuneiform : script, ltr : direction) written-in(persian-cuneiform : script, old-persian) [indus-s : logosyllabary = "Indus script" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#inds"] {indus-s, period-of-use, [[2500 B.C.E. - 1700 B.C.E.]]} writing-direction(indus-s : script, rtl : direction) [sidetic : alphabet = "Sidetic"] /* Bright and Daniels, p 282 */ derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, sidetic : successor) belongs-to(greek-f : container, sidetic : containee) [lycian-l-a : language = "Lycian A"] [lycian-l-b : language = "Lycian B"] [lycian-s : alphabet = "Lycian"] {lycian-s, period-of-use, [[500 B.C.E. - 300 B.C.E.]]} writing-direction(lycian-s : script, ltr : direction) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, lycian-s : successor) belongs-to(greek-f : container, lycian-s : containee) written-in(lycian-s : script, lycian-l-a) written-in(lycian-s : script, lycian-l-b) [lydian-s : alphabet = "Lydian"] {lydian-s, period-of-use, [[500 B.C.E. - 300 B.C.E.]]} writing-direction(lydian-s : script, rtl : direction) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, lydian-s : successor) belongs-to(greek-f : container, lydian-s : containee) [carian-s : alphabet = "Carian"] writing-direction(carian-s : script, variable : direction) [parthian-l : language = "Parthian"] [parthian-s : abjad = "Parthian"] {parthian-s, period-of-use, [[100 - 292]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, parthian-s : successor) written-in(parthian-s : script, parthian-l) [psalter : abjad = "Psalter script"] derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, psalter : successor) [early-pahlavi : abjad = "Early cursive Pahlavi"] derived-from(psalter : predecessor, early-pahlavi : successor) [pahlavi : abjad = "Pahlavi" = "Book Pahlavi"] {pahlavi, period-of-use, [[224 - 651]]} derived-from(early-pahlavi : predecessor, pahlavi : successor) {pahlavi, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi"} [avestan : alphabet = "Avestan"] {avestan, period-of-use, [[400 C.E. - ?]]} influenced-by(pahlavi : influence, avestan : influenced) [sogdian-l : language = "Sogdian"] {sogdian-l, article-about, "http://iranianlanguages.com/midiranian/sogdian.htm"} {sogdian-l, article-about, "http://tied.narod.ru/tree/iran/sogdian.html"} [early-sogdian : abjad = "Early Sogdian"] {early-sogdian, period-of-use, [[300 C.E. - ?]]} derived-from(aramaic-s : predecessor, early-sogdian : successor) written-in(sogdian-l, early-sogdian : script) writing-direction(early-sogdian : script, rtl : direction) [sogdian : abjad = "Sogdian"] derived-from(early-sogdian : predecessor, sogdian : successor) written-in(sogdian-l, sogdian : script) writing-direction(sogdian : script, rtl : direction) {sogdian, article-about, "http://iranianlanguages.com/midiranian/sogdian.htm"} [uighur-s : abjad = "Uighur"] {uighur-s, period-of-use, [[800 C.E. - ?]]} derived-from(sogdian : predecessor, uighur-s : successor) writing-direction(uighur-s : script, tb-ltr : direction) [manichean : abjad = "Manichaean"] {manichean, period-of-use, [[200 C.E. - ?]]} {manichean, article-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/manichaean.pdf"} {manichean, description, [[Closely related to the Manichaean religion, and believed to have been created by Mani himself (the founder of the religion). The script was used to write Manichaean literature in many different languages to spread its teachings. Most characters have only medial and initial forms, but a few also have final forms.]]} writing-direction(manichean : script, rtl : direction) derived-from(syriac-s : predecessor, manichean : successor) written-in(parthian-l, manichean : script) written-in(sogdian-l, manichean : script) written-in(turkish, manichean : script) /* also middle Persian */ /*[uighur-manichean : abjad = "Uighur Manichean"]*/ [iran : country = "Iran" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#IR"] [persian : language = "Persian" = "Farsi" / persian] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ira"*/ spoken-in(persian, iran : region) written-in(persian, arabic-s : script) spoken-in([bakhtiari : language = "Bakhtiari"], iran : region) spoken-in([gilaki : language = "Gilaki"], iran : region) spoken-in([qashqai : language = "Qashqai"], iran : region) spoken-in([takestani : language = "Takestani"], iran : region) written-in(bakhtiari, arabic-s : script) written-in(gilaki, arabic-s : script) written-in(qashqai, arabic-s : script) written-in(takestani, arabic-s : script) [israel : country = "Israel" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#IL"] [hebrew-l : language = "Hebrew" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#he"] [hebrew-s : abjad = "Hebrew" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#hebr"] [yiddish : language = "Yiddish" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#yi"] {hebrew-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hebrew.htm"} {hebrew-s, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/9587/alephbet.html"} {hebrew-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_hebrew.html"} {hebrew-s, site-using, "http://www.walla.co.il"} {hebrew-s, site-using, "http://www.goop.co.il"} writing-direction(hebrew-s : script, rtl : direction) spoken-in(hebrew-l, israel : region) spoken-in(yiddish, israel : region) spoken-in(arabic-l, israel : region) written-in(hebrew-l, hebrew-s : script) written-in(yiddish, hebrew-s : script) belongs-to(aramaic-f : container, hebrew-s : containee) derived-from(hebrew-s : successor, aramaic-s : predecessor) [maldives : country = "The Maldives"; "Maldives, the" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#MV"] [maldivian-l : language = "Dhivehi"] [maldivian-s : alphabet = "Thaana" = "Gabuli Tana" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#thaa"] [evela : abugida = "Evela"] [dives-akuru : abugida = "Dives akuru"] {dives-akuru, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/divehi.htm"} spoken-in(maldivian-l, maldives : region) written-in(maldivian-l, maldivian-s : script) belongs-to(aramaic-f : container, maldivian-s : containee) derived-from(evela : predecessor, dives-akuru : successor) influenced-by(arabic-s : influence, maldivian-s : influenced) {maldivian-s, period-of-use, [[1600 -]]} {maldivian-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/thaana.htm"} {maldivian-s, site-using, "http://www.haveeru.com.mv/"} {maldivian-s, site-using, "http://www.mitf.f2s.com/index.php3?SHOW=projects/thaana/unicode-sample.html"} {maldivian-s, site-about, "http://www.mitf.f2s.com/"} {maldivian-s, article-about, "http://www.maldivesculture.com/thaana01.html"} {maldivian-s, article-about, "http://web.bham.ac.uk/eee3mxs1/dhivehiscript.htm"} {maldivian-s, site-using, "http://www.themaldiveislands.com/web2/tmi.phtml?pimt=4"} {maldivian-l, article-about, "http://www.geocities.co.jp/Milkyway-Kaigan/2202/e-how.html"} {maldivian-l, article-about, "http://www.lanka.net/lakehouse/2001/01/28/fea10.html"} writing-direction(maldivian-s : script, rtl : direction) [pakistan : country = "Pakistan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#PK"] written-in(hindu, arabic-s : script) spoken-in(hindu, pakistan : region) spoken-in(english, pakistan : region) spoken-in(sindhi, pakistan : region) spoken-in(punjabi, pakistan : region) spoken-in(gujarati-l, pakistan : region) [saudi-arabia : country = "Saudi Arabia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#SA"] spoken-in(arabic-l, saudi-arabia : region) [thomsen : person = "Vilhelm Thomsen"; "Thomsen, Vilhelm"] [orkhon : abjad = "Orkhon" = "Kök Turki runes"] {orkhon, period-of-use, [[700 C.E. - 850 C.E.]]} {orkhon, article-about, "http://www.turcoman.btinternet.co.uk/orkhon-inscription.htm"} {orkhon, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/orkhon.htm"} deciphered-by(orkhon : script, thomsen) writing-direction(orkhon : script, bu-rtl : direction) written-in(orkhon : script, uighur) derived-from(orkhon : successor, sogdian : predecessor) [turkey : country = "Turkey" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#TR"] [turkish : language = "Turkish" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#tr"] spoken-in(turkish, turkey : region) written-in(turkish, latin-s : script) [mesrop : person = "Mesrop Maštoc"] [armenia : country = "Armenia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#AM"] [armenian-l : language = "Armenian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#hy"] [armenian-s : alphabet = "Armenian" = "Aybuben" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#armn"] {armenian-s, period-of-use, [[406 C.E. -]]} {armenian-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm"} {armenian-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_armenian.html"} writing-direction(armenian-s : script, ltr : direction) spoken-in(armenian-l, armenia : region) written-in(armenian-l, armenian-s : script) belongs-to(greek-f : container, armenian-s : containee) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, armenian-s : successor) created-by(armenian-s : creation, mesrop : creator) [azerbaijan : country = "Azerbaijan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#AZ"] [azerbaijani : language = "Azeri" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#az"] spoken-in(azerbaijani, azerbaijan : region) /* written-in(azerbaijani, cyrillic) */ written-in(azerbaijani, latin-s : script) [asomtavruli : alphabet = "Asomtavruli" = "Mrglovani" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#geoa"] {asomtavruli, period-of-use, [[340 C.E. - 800 C.E.]]} [khutsuri : alphabet = "Nusxa-xucuri" = "Khutsuri" = "Nuskhuri" = "Kutxovani" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#geon"] {khutsuri, period-of-use, [[800 C.E. - 1000 C.E.]]} writing-direction(asomtavruli : script, ltr : direction) writing-direction(khutsuri : script, ltr : direction) [georgia : country = "Georgia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#GE"] [mingrelian : language = "Mingrelian"] [abkhaz : language = "Abkhaz"] [georgian-l : language = "Georgian" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ka"] {georgian-l, article-about, "http://www.armazi.demon.co.uk/georgian/grammar.html"} [georgian-s : alphabet = "Georgian script" = "Mkhedruli" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#geor"] {georgian-s, period-of-use, [[900 C.E. -]]} {georgian-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/georgian.htm"} {georgian-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_georgian.html"} {georgian-s, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/Paris/8975/dedaingl.html"} writing-direction(georgian-s : script, ltr : direction) spoken-in(georgian-l, georgia : region) written-in(georgian-s : script, georgian-l) written-in(georgian-s : script, abkhaz) /* past */ written-in(georgian-s : script, mingrelian) /* past */ belongs-to(greek-f : container, georgian-s : containee) belongs-to(greek-f : container, asomtavruli : containee) belongs-to(greek-f : container, khutsuri : containee) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, asomtavruli : successor) derived-from(asomtavruli : predecessor, khutsuri : successor) derived-from(khutsuri : predecessor, georgian-s : successor) [kazakhstan : country = "Kazakhstan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#KZ"] [kazakh : language = "Kazakh" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#kk"] written-in(kazakh, arabic-s : script) written-in(kazakh, cyrillic : script) spoken-in(kazakh, kazakhstan : region) [kirghizia : country = "Kirghizia" = "Kyrgyzstan" / iso-3166 @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#KG"] [kirghiz : language = "Kirghiz" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ky"] spoken-in(kirghiz, kirghizia : region) written-in(kirghiz, cyrillic : script) [tajikistan : country = "Tajikistan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#TJ"] [tajik : language = "Tajik" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#tg"] spoken-in(tajik, tajikistan : region) written-in(tajik, cyrillic : script) [turkmenistan : country = "Turkmenistan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#TM"] [turkmen : language = "Turkmen" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#tk"] spoken-in(turkmen, turkmenistan : region) /* written-in(turkmen, cyrillic) */ written-in(turkmen, latin-s : script) [uzbekistan : country = "Uzbekistan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#UZ"] [uzbek : language = "Uzbek" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#uz"] spoken-in(uzbek, uzbekistan : region) /* written-in(uzbek, cyrillic) */ written-in(uzbek, latin-s : script) [tatar : language = "Tatar" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#tt"] written-in(tatar, latin-s : script) [iraq : country = "Iraq"] [kurdish : language = "Kurdish"] {kurdish, site-about, "http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~siamakr/kurd_lal.html"} [balochi : language = "Balochi"] [sulu : language = "Sulu" = "Tausug"] spoken-in(persian, pakistan : region) spoken-in(persian, afghanistan : region) spoken-in(persian, tajikistan : region) spoken-in(kurdish, iran : region) spoken-in(kurdish, iraq : region) spoken-in(balochi, pakistan : region) spoken-in(balochi, india : region) spoken-in(balochi, iran : region) spoken-in(balochi, oman : region) spoken-in(balochi, uae : region) spoken-in(balochi, afghanistan : region) spoken-in(balochi, turkmenistan : region) spoken-in(sulu, indonesia : region) spoken-in(sulu, philippines : region) spoken-in(sulu, malaysia : region) spoken-in(arabic-l, iraq : region) spoken-in(syriac-l, iraq : region) spoken-in(azerbaijani, iraq : region) written-in(kurdish, arabic-s : script) written-in(kurdish, latin-s : script) /* in Turkey */ written-in(kurdish, cyrillic : script) /* in parts of Soviet union */ written-in(balochi, arabic-s : script) written-in(sulu, arabic-s : script) [oman : country = "Oman"] [uae : country = "United Arab Emirates"] /* --- Africa --- */ [champoillon : person = "Jean-Francois Champoillon"; "Champoillon, Jean-Francois"] [richard-lepsius : person = "Richard Lepsius"; "Lepsius, Richard"] [hieroglyphic : logosyllabary = "Egyptian hieroglyphic" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#egyp"] {hieroglyphic, period-of-use, [[3100 B.C.E. - ?]]} deciphered-by(hieroglyphic : script, champoillon) deciphered-by(hieroglyphic : script, richard-lepsius) deciphered-by(hieroglyphic : script, edward-hincks) [hieratic : logosyllabary = "Egyptian hieratic" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#egyh"] {hieratic, period-of-use, [[2750 B.C.E. - 100 C.E.]]} {hieratic, article-about, "http://i-cias.com/e.o/hieratic.htm"} derived-from(hieratic : successor, hieroglyphic : predecessor) writing-direction(hieratic : script, rtl : direction) [demotic : logosyllabary = "Egyptian demotic" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#egyd"] {demotic, period-of-use, [[660 B.C.E. - 425 C.E.]]} {demotic, site-about, "http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/ABZU/DEMOTIC_WWW.HTML"} {demotic, article-about, "http://i-cias.com/e.o/demotic.htm"} writing-direction(demotic : script, rtl : direction) derived-from(demotic : successor, hieratic : predecessor) deciphered-by(demotic : script, champoillon) deciphered-by(demotic : script, richard-lepsius) deciphered-by(demotic : script, edward-hincks) [griffith : person = "F. Ll. Griffith"; "Griffith, Ll."] [meroitic : abugida = "Meroitic" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#mero"] {meroitic, period-of-use, [[300 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.]]} {meroitic, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/meroitic.html"} writing-direction(meroitic : script, rtl : direction) derived-from(meroitic : successor, hieratic : predecessor) deciphered-by(meroitic : script, griffith) {meroitic, description, [[This script is not well understood, but from what is known of it the claim that it is an abugida seems well-founded.]]} [egypt : country = "Egypt" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#EG"] spoken-in(arabic-l, egypt : region) [berber : abjad = "Berber script"] {berber, period-of-use, [[200 B.C.E. - 300 C.E.]]} {berber, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/berber.htm"} {berber, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/berber.html"} derived-from(punic-s : predecessor, berber : successor) belongs-to(berber : containee, north-semitic : container) writing-direction(berber : script, variable : direction) [coptic-l : language = "Coptic"] [sahidic : language = "Sahidic"] [coptic-s : alphabet = "Coptic script"] {coptic-s, period-of-use, [[300 C.E. - ]]} {coptic-s, number-of-characters, [[32]]} {coptic-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/coptic.html"} {coptic-s, article-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/cy/coptic.html"} writing-direction(coptic-s : script, ltr : direction) derived-from(greek-s : predecessor, coptic-s : successor) belongs-to(greek-f : container, coptic-s : containee) written-in(coptic-s : script, coptic-l) written-in(coptic-s : script, sahidic) [ethiopia : country = "Ethiopia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#ET"] [amharic-l : language = "Amharic language" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#am"] [geez : language = "Geez"] [oromo : language = "Oromo" = "Afaan Oromo"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#orm"*/ [oromo-s : abugida = "Oromo script"] [tigrinya : language = "Tigrinya" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#ti"] [amharic-s : abugida = "Amharic script" = "Ethiopic" / iso-15924 @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#ethi"] [oromiffa : software = "Oromiffa 2000"] {amharic-s, period-of-use, [[400 C.E. - ]]} {amharic-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/ethiopic.html"} {amharic-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ethiopic.htm"} {amharic-s, article-about, "http://www.monotype.com/non-latin/wt_info/info_ethiopic.html"} {oromo-s, article-about, "http://www.abyssiniacybergateway.net/fidel/ShaykhBakriSapalo/"} {oromo, article-about, "http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Hornet/Afaan_Oromo_19777.html"} written-in(amharic-l, amharic-s : script) written-in(oromo, oromo-s : script) written-in(oromo, amharic-s : script) written-in(oromo, latin-s : script) written-in(tigrinya, amharic-s : script) written-in(geez, amharic-s : script) spoken-in(amharic-l, ethiopia : region) spoken-in(oromo, ethiopia : region) spoken-in(tigrinya, ethiopia : region) belongs-to(south-semitic : container, amharic-s : containee) derived-from(old-south-arabian : predecessor, amharic-s : successor) supports(oromiffa : supporter, oromo-s : supported) [shaykh-bakri-sapalo : person = "Shaykh Bakri Sapalo"] {oromo-s, period-of-use, [[1956 - ?]]} created-by(oromo-s : creation, shaykh-bakri-sapalo : creator) {oromo-s, description, [[The Oromo script is an independent invention based on the model of the Amharic script. Its inspiration seems to be the difficulty of writing Oromo with scripts designed for other languages, as well as nationalistic aspirations. The writing of Oromo was banned by Ethiopian authorities until the accession of Mengistu's regime in 1974. Today Oromo is written in the Latin script.]]} [eae : transcription = "EAE"] {eae, article-about, "http://www.eae.iwarp.com/trans.html"} transforms-from(eae : method, amharic-s : source) transforms-to(eae : method, latin-s : target) [mali : country = "Mali" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#ML"] [sudan : country = "Sudan" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#SD"] [algeria : country = "Algeria" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#DZ"] [tamahaq : language = "Tamahaq"] [tifinagh : abjad = "Tifinagh" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#tfng"] {tamahaq, article-about, "http://isp.msu.edu/AfrLang/Handbook/Berber_root.htm"} spoken-in(tamahaq, mali : region) spoken-in(tamahaq, algeria : region) spoken-in(tamahaq, sudan : region) written-in(tamahaq, tifinagh : script) belongs-to(north-semitic : container, tifinagh : containee) derived-from(berber : predecessor, tifinagh : successor) [cameroon : country = "Cameroon"] [njoya : person = "King Njoya"] [bamum-l : language = "Bamum"] [bamum-s : syllabary = "Bamum script"] /* Cowan claims it was first a logosyll */ {bamum-s, period-of-use, [[ca. 1900 -]]} {bamum-s, article-about, "http://www.members.aon.at/africanfonts.at/bamum.htm"} {bamum-s, article-about, "http://www.jaars.org/museum/alphabet/galleries/africa.htm"} {bamum-s, article-about, "http://www.bamumscript.org/"} written-in(bamum-s : script, bamum-l) spoken-in(bamum-l, cameroon : region) created-by(bamum-s : creation, njoya : creator) [osman-yusuf-keenadiid : person = "Osman Yusuf Keenadiid"] [somalia : country = "Somalia" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/country.xtm#SO"] [somali : language = "Somali" @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#so"] [osmanya : alphabet = "Osmanya" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#osma"] [tigre : language = "Tigre"] /* @"http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/language.xtm#tig" */ {osmanya, period-of-use, [[1920 - ]]} {osmanya, site-using, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/afkeenna-iyo-fartiisa.pdf"} {osmanya, article-about, "http://somalinet.com/library/osmaniya/"} {somali, article-about, "http://somalinet.com/library/somalia/"} spoken-in(tigre, somalia : region) spoken-in(somali, somalia : region) written-in(somali, osmanya : script) written-in(somali, arabic-s : script) written-in(somali, latin-s : script) written-in(tigre, amharic-s : script) created-by(osmanya : creation, osman-yusuf-keenadiid : creator) [guinea : country = "Guinea"] [guinea-bissau : country = "Guinea-Bissau"] [senegal : country = "Senegal"] [gambia : country = "Gambia"] [sierra-leone : country = "Sierra Leone"] [mandekan : language = "Mandekan" = "Manding" = "Mandinka" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/sil/ethnologue.xtm#MNK"] spoken-in(mandekan, guinea : region) spoken-in(mandekan, sierra-leone : region) spoken-in(mandekan, gambia : region) spoken-in(mandekan, senegal : region) spoken-in(mandekan, guinea-bissau : region) [kante : person = "Soulemayne Kante"] {kante, article-about, "http://www.fakoli.net/solomana_kante.htm"} [nko : alphabet = "N'ko"; "Nko" = "The clear language" / other-name] {nko, period-of-use, [[1947 - ]]} {nko, number-of-characters, [[25]]} writing-direction(nko : script, rtl : direction) written-in(mandekan, nko : script) created-by(kante : creator, nko : creation) {nko, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nko.htm"} {nko, site-about, "http://www.nkoinstitute.com/"} {nko, site-about, "http://www.fakoli.net/"} {nko, article-about, "http://www.uiowa.edu/~linguist/faculty/culy/nko/"} {nko, tutorial, "http://www.geocities.com/nko_alpha/"} [liberia : country = "Liberia"] [momolu-bukele : person = "Momolu Duwalu Bukele"] [vai-l : language = "Vai"] [vai : syllabary = "Vai"] {vai, period-of-use, [[1832/33 - ]]} {vai, article-about, "http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/VAI.html"} {vai, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/vai.htm"} {vai, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/8919/libyco.htm"} writing-direction(vai : script, ltr : direction) created-by(momolu-bukele : creator, vai : creation) written-in(vai : script, vai-l : language) spoken-in(vai-l, liberia : region) /* --- Oceania --- */ [woleaian : language = "Woleaian"] [caroline1 : syllabary = "Caroline Islands script, type 1"] [caroline2 : syllabary = "Caroline Islands script, type 2"] {caroline1, number-of-characters, [[19]]} {caroline2, number-of-characters, [[At least 78]]} written-in(woleaian, caroline1 : script) written-in(woleaian, caroline2 : script) /* --- Americas --- */ [maya-s : logosyllabary = "Maya hieroglyphs" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#maya"] {maya-s, period-of-use, [[150 C.E. - 1600 C.E]]} {maya-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/maya.html"} {maya-s, article-about, "http://www.halfmoon.org/writfork.html"} [rapanui : language = "Rapa Nui"] {rapanui, tutorial, "http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/phrases.html"} written-in(rapanui, rongorongo : script) [rongorongo : script = "Rongorongo" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#roro"] {rongorongo, article-about, "http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/rongo2.html"} {rongorongo, site-about, "http://www.rongorongo.org/"} {rongorongo, article-about, "http://www.trends.net/~yuku/tran/a2.htm"} [sequoyah : person = "Sequoyah"] {sequoyah, article-about, "http://ngeorgia.com/people/sequoyah.html"} [cherokee-s : syllabary = "Cherokee script" = "Sequoyan" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#cher"] [cherokee-l : language = "Cherokee"] {cherokee-s, number-of-characters, [[86]]} {cherokee-s, period-of-use, [[1820 - ]]} {cherokee-s, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Stadium/7075/cherokee/Sequoyah.htm"} {cherokee-s, article-about, "http://www.ancientscripts.com/cherokee.html"} {cherokee-l, site-about, "http://public.csusm.edu/public/raven/cherokee.dir/cher1.html"} {cherokee-s, article-about, "http://www.usu.edu/~anthro/origins_of_writing/invented_alphabets/#cheroke"} writing-direction(cherokee-s : script, ltr : direction) written-in(cherokee-l, cherokee-s : script) created-by(cherokee-s : creation, sequoyah : creator) [greenland : country = "Greenland"] [canada : country = "Canada"] [james-evans : person = "James Evans"; "Evans, James"] [cree-s : abugida = "Cree"] [cree-l : language = "Cree"] [ojibwe : language = "Ojibwe"] [athabaskan : language = "Athabaskan"] [inuit : language = "Inuit" = "Eskimo"] written-in(cree-l, cree-s : script) written-in(ojibwe, cree-s : script) written-in(athabaskan, cree-s : script) written-in(inuit, cree-s : script) written-in(inuit, latin-s : script) /* Greenland, at least */ writing-direction(cree-s : script, ltr : direction) created-by(james-evans : creator, cree-s : creation) spoken-in(cree-l, canada : region) spoken-in(ojibwe, canada : region) spoken-in(inuit, canada : region) spoken-in(inuit, greenland : region) spoken-in(athabaskan, canada : region) {cree-s, period-of-use, [[1840 - ]]} {cree-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cree.htm"} [lejeune : person = "Father LeJeune"; "LeJeune"] [chinook : alphabet = "Chinook shorthand" = "Wawa writing"] [chinook-j : language = "Chinook Jargon"] {chinook, period-of-use, [[1890 -]]} {chinook, article-about, "http://aboriginalcollections.ic.gc.ca/secwepemc/secstin.html"} {chinook, article-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/chinook-and-shorthand.pdf"} written-in(chinook-j, chinook : script) derived-from(chinook : successor, duploye : predecessor) created-by(lejeune : creator, chinook : creation) [alaska-s : script = "Alaska script"] [uyaqoq : person = "Uyaqoq"] {alaska-s, article-about, "http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-inuit.html"} written-in(inuit, alaska-s) created-by(alaska-s : creation, uyaqoq : creator) [ndjuka-s : syllabary = "Ndjuka script"] [afaka : person = "Afaka"] [ndjuka-l : language = "Ndjuka" = "Aukan"] {ndjuka-s, period-of-use, [[ca 1910 - ?]]} {ndjuka-s, number-of-characters, [[56]]} {ndjuka-l, article-about, "http://www.xrefer.com/entry/443065"} {ndjuka-l, article-about, "http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=DJK"} {ndjuka-s, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ndjuka.htm"} written-in(ndjuka-s : script, ndjuka-l) created-by(ndjuka-s : creation, afaka : creator) [mende-kikakui : syllabary = "Mende Kikakui"] writing-direction(mende-kikakui : script, rtl : direction) /* FIXME: look up language */ {mende-kikakui, period-of-use, [[1917 - ]]} {mende-kikakui, number-of-characters, [[200]]} {mende-kikakui, description, [[Used in southern and eastern Sierra Leone, originally primarily for translations of the Quran. The first 42 characters of the script work as an abugida, but the remaining 150+ form a syllabary. Tuchscherer reports that it is still in use by about 100 people.]]} {mende-kikakui, bibref, [[Konrad Tuchscherer, "African Script and Scripture: The History of the Kikakui (Mende) Writing System for Bible Translations", _African Languages and Cultures_, 8, 2 (1995): 169-188.]]} [ghana : country = "Ghana"] [akan : language = "Akan"] written-in(akan, latin-s : script) spoken-in(akan, ghana : region) {akan, description, [[A language spoken by 9 million people in Ghana, for which the Bureau of Ghana languages created a common standard Latin-based orthography of 22 characters in 1961. Of these characters 2 are not part of the traditional Latin script.]]} {akan, article-about, "http://www.alphabets-world.com/akan.html"} /* ===== CONSCRIPT ===== */ [conscript : script-category = "Artificial scripts"] {conscript, definition, [[Artificial scripts are scripts created for artificial or fictional languages, or which have never seen use as the primary script for a language community.]]} {conscript, site-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/"} {conscript, site-about, "http://fizz.sys.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/conlang.html"} [brigham-young : person = "Brigham Young"; "Young, Brigham"] [deseret : alphabet = "Deseret" /* 𐐔𐐯𐑅𐐯𐑉𐐯𐑃 */ @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#dsrt"] {deseret, period-of-use, [[1855 - 1877]]} {deseret, number-of-characters, [[76]]} {deseret, article-about, "http://www.unicode.org/pending/deseret/Deseret.html"} {deseret, article-about, "http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/museums/reno/thiswas/deseret.htm"} {deseret, article-about, "http://www.mormons.org/daily/history/1844_1877/deseret_alphabet_eom.htm"} {deseret, article-about, "http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/deseret.htm"} {deseret, article-about, "http://www.usu.edu/~anthro/origins_of_writing/invented_alphabets/#deseret"} {deseret, article-about, "http://homepage.mac.com/jenkins/Deseret/BoM.html"} {deseret, test-page, "http://home.att.net/~jameskass/deserettest.htm"} written-in(english, deseret : script) created-by(brigham-young : creator, deseret : creation) writing-direction(deseret : script, ltr : direction) belongs-to(conscript : container, deseret : containee) supports(deseret : supported, unicode : supporter) [tolkien : person = "J.R.R. Tolkien"; "Tolkien, J.R.R."] {tolkien, site-about, "http://www.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/u/relipper/tolkien/rootpage.html"} {tolkien, biography, "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0618057021"} [tengwar : featural = "Tengwar" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#teng"] {tengwar, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar/"} {tengwar, article-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html"} {tengwar, article-about, "http://hem.passagen.se/mansb/at/tengwar.htm"} {tengwar, article-about, "http://www.tolkienonline.de/tengwar.html"} {tengwar, article-about, "http://fan.theonering.net/rolozo/tengwar/tengwar/index.htm"} {tengwar, site-using, "http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html"} {tengwar, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tengwar.htm"} {tengwar, forum, "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/"} {tengwar, description, [[A fictional script invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and used both for his fictional languages and for English. A special feature of this system is that characters do not have fixed sound values. Instead, a 'mode' with sound value assignments is developed independently for every language written with the script.]]} writing-direction(tengwar : script, ltr : direction) belongs-to(conscript : container, tengwar : containee) supports(tengwar : supported, unicode : supporter) created-by(tolkien : creator, tengwar : creation) [cirth : alphabet = "Cirth" = "Angertha"] {cirth, article-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/cirth.html"} {cirth, article-about, "http://fan.theonering.net/rolozo/tengwar/cirth/"} {cirth, forum, "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/"} {cirth, description, [[A rune-like fictional script with clear similarities to the Germanic runes used in Europe.]]} belongs-to(conscript : container, cirth : containee) supports(cirth : supported, unicode : supporter) created-by(tolkien : creator, cirth : creation) derived-from(cirth : successor, tengwar : predecessor) /* according to rolozo */ [sarati : alphabet = "Sarati"] {sarati, number-of-characters, [[36]]} {sarati, forum, "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/"} {sarati, article-about, "http://hem.passagen.se/mansb/at/sarati.htm"} {sarati, article-about, "http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/sarati.htm"} {sarati, article-about, "http://omniglot.com/writing/sarati.htm"} {sarati, description, [[A little-known fictional script that was the first to be developed according to the history of Tolkien's fictional universe. It is very similar to the Mongolian script, and was most likely inspired by it.]]} writing-direction(sarati : script, tb-ltr : direction) belongs-to(conscript : container, sarati : containee) created-by(tolkien : creator, sarati : creation) [kingsley-read : person = "Kingsley Read"; "Read, Kingsley"] [shavian : alphabet = "Shavian" = "Shaw alphabet" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/iso/15924.xtm#shaw"] {shavian, period-of-use, [[1962 - 1962]]} {shavian, number-of-characters, [[52]]} {shavian, article-about, "http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/shavian.html"} {shavian, article-about, "http://www.demeyere.com/Shavian/info.html"} {shavian, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/shavian.htm"} {shavian, article-about, "http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2362.pdf"} {shavian, article-about, "http://www.usu.edu/~anthro/origins_of_writing/invented_alphabets/#shavian"} {shavian, site-about, "http://www.shavian.org/"} {shavian, site-about, "http://www.shavian.f9.co.uk/"} {shavian, forum, "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/shavian"} writing-direction(shavian : script, ltr : direction) belongs-to(conscript : container, shavian : containee) /* supports(shavian : supported, unicode : supporter) */ created-by(kingsley-read : creator, shavian : creation) written-in(english, shavian : script) [quikscript : alphabet = "Quikscript" = "Read alphabet"] writing-direction(quikscript : script, ltr : direction) belongs-to(conscript : container, quikscript : containee) created-by(kingsley-read : creator, quikscript : creation) written-in(english, quikscript : script) derived-from(quikscript : successor, shavian : predecessor) {quikscript, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/quikscript.htm"} {quikscript, article-about, "http://quikscript.teraiten.cjb.net/"} {quikscript, forum, "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Read_Alphabet"} [geyinzi : alphabet = "Geyinzi"] [simon-ager : person = "Simon Ager"; "Ager, Simon"] {geyinzi, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/geyinzi.htm"} writing-direction(geyinzi : script, ltr : direction) created-by(geyinzi : creation, simon-ager : creator) belongs-to(conscript : container, geyinzi : containee) {geyinzi, description, [[A script invented for writing Mandarin Chinese as a private amusement by script enthusiast Simon Ager, based on the sound system for Zhuyin, the Chinese syllabary.]]} [thomas-more : person = "Sir Thomas More"; "More, Thomas"] [utopian : alphabet = "Utopian"] {utopian, number-of-characters, [[22]]} {utopian, article-about, "http://www.adh.brighton.ac.uk/schoolofdesign/MA.COURSE/05/LL47.html"} belongs-to(conscript : container, utopian : containee) created-by(thomas-more : creator, utopian : creation) [joanne-marie : person = "JoAnne Marie"; "Marie, JoAnne"] [camion-code : featural = "Camion code"] {camion-code, article-about, "http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Campus/6437/fromunicode.html"} belongs-to(conscript : container, camion-code : containee) created-by(joanne-marie : creator, camion-code : creation) {camion-code, description, [[A script invented in 1999 in order to replace the latin script for writing English. Designed to be phonetic and to have some of the characteristics of featural scripts.]]} [theban : alphabet = "Theban alphabet"] {theban, number-of-characters, [[23]]} {theban, article-about, "http://tuxedo.org/~esr/unicode/theban/"} {theban, article-about, "http://realmagick.com/articles/52/1552.html"} {theban, article-about, "http://www.spelwerx.com/theban.html"} belongs-to(conscript : container, theban : containee) [doug-ewell : person = "Doug Ewell"; "Ewell, Doug"] [ewellic : alphabet = "Ewellic"] {ewellic, number-of-characters, [[50]]} {ewellic, article-about, "http://users.adelphia.net/~dewell/ewellic.html"} belongs-to(conscript : container, ewellic : containee) created-by(doug-ewell : creator, ewellic : creation) /* ===== PHONETICS ===== */ [phonetic : script-category = "Phonetic scripts"] {phonetic, definition, [[Scripts specifically designed for representing language with phonetic accuracy, and not intended to be used for ordinary orthographies for any language.]]} /* IPA */ /* Uralic Phonetic Alphabet */ [dania : alphabet = "Dania"] [otto-jespersen : person = "Otto Jespersen"; "Jespersen, Otto"] {dania, description, [[Created by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen around 1890.]]} {dania, article-about, "http://www.dal.lu.se/~si/danpage.html"} belongs-to(phonetic : container, dania : containee) created-by(otto-jespersen : creator, dania : creation) [visible-speech : featural = "Visible Speech"] [alexander-melville-bell : person = "Alexander Melville Bell"; "Bell, Alexander Melville"] {visible-speech, period-of-use, [[1867 - ?]]} {visible-speech, number-of-characters, [[120]]} {visible-speech, description, [[A phonetic writing system intended to be used to teach the deaf to learn spoken language. Was widely used to teach deaf students to speak with a standard accent.]]} belongs-to(phonetic : container, visible-speech : containee) created-by(alexander-melville-bell : creator, visible-speech : creation) {visible-speech, article-about, "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/visiblespeech.htm"} {visible-speech, article-about, "http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Spring_2001/ling001/visible_speech.html"} {visible-speech, article-about, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Speech"} /* ===== SHORTHAND ===== */ [shorthand : script-category = "Shorthand"] {shorthand, definition, [[Shorthand systems are scripts used to record speech in real-time by people trained in shorthand. A shorthand differs from an ordinary script is that it has been designed to favour speed of writing over all other features, including completeness of information. A shorthand report may therefore not contain all the information needed to read the report; a memory of what was written may be necessary to be able to read it.]]} [duploye : script = "Duployé shorthand"] {duploye, period-of-use, [[1860 -]]} written-in(french, duploye : script) belongs-to(shorthand : container, duploye : containee) [pitt : script = "Pitt's shorthand"] belongs-to(shorthand : container, pitt : containee) /* Gregg. Plus lots of other systems. */ /* ===== SOFTWARE ===== */ [software = "Software product" @"http://psi.ontopia.net/xmltools/#Product"] [hangul-wp : software = "Hangul Wordian"] supports(hangul-wp : supporter, hangul : supported) {hangul-wp, official-site, "http://www.haansoft.com/"}